Concepts of epidemiology (HIV) Essay

transmissible diseases are global health issues nowadays as the world sprain globalized by change magnitude inter farmingal travel and business. Among many of familial diseases, humanity Immuno wish Virus (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is considered to be one of the most severe communicable diseases worldwide. It has break up rapidly without the whole world from the continent of Africa since it was counterbalance reported in 1981(Maurer & Smith, 2009). By 1987, it had spread to 100 countries, by 2001, human immunodeficiency virus became the leading infectious cause of death in the world. Scientists believe a similar virus to human immunodeficiency virus first found in animals much(prenominal)(prenominal) as chimps and monkeys in Africa, where Afri fuckings are hunted for food. While they contact with an infect animals wrinkle during butchering or cooking, the virus major power cross into humans and become human immunodeficiency virus (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). human i mmunodeficiency virus causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome( aid). Having human immunodeficiency virus does not always mean having aid.To develop help, it take many years for heap with human immunodeficiency virus. The pestilent of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS in Africa is annihilative because it disrupts family life, leaving many children without parents support. Reduced workforces in African society refer socioeconomic issues as nearly. These days, human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS are not notwithstanding problems in the African continent, but they are now also seen in every continent in the entire world. As of 2008, United Nations (UN) ecumenical assembly special session on HIV/AIDS estimated that in that location were roughly 33-4 million multitude living with HIV, 2.7 million bleakly infections of HIV, and 2 million deaths from AIDS. According to the C attain of Disease obtain(CDC), about 1.1 million people in the U.S. had been diagnosed with AIDS since the disease diagnosed in 1981(Maurer & Smith, 2009). A person gets HIV when an give persons body fluids such as line of descent, semen, fluids from vagina or breast milk get into his or her bloodstream.This virus can enter the bloodstream by dint of linings in the mouth, anus, or sex organs through broken skin. HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells which is same as T-cells in white blood cells (Moss, 2013). When a person has lower number of CD4 cells in the blood than normal, he or she is susceptible to illnesses because the person lost ability to fight infection. inse cure internal activity, transfusion of HIV infected blood, sharing needles and syringes with people with HIV, HIV infected mothers maternity, delivery, and breast-feeding are all risk factors for HIV infection. World health Organization(WHO) found that 80% of cases of HIV/AIDS infections happened by un just knowledgeable contact with an HIV-infected person. Stigma, discrimination, misconception, local social and cu ltural taboos also contribute to increasing number of HIV infections in developing countries where people do not talk about them or people are not enlightened about them.Early symptoms of HIV infection are fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, diarrhea, saddle loss, cough, headache, blurred and distorted vision, skin rashes or bumps, and shortness of breath(Moss, 2013). People infected with HIV progress to AIDS when their CD4 cell count falls trim down below 200 or when they develop complications such astuberculosis, salmonellosis, cytomegalovirus, candidiasis, cryptococcal meningitis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosiporidiosis, and cancers including Kaposis sarcoma and lymphomas. opposite complications can include wasting syndrome, neurological complications, and kidney disease(Moss, 2013).AIDS is the last stage of HIV infection and life threatening. If a person with HIV does not gravel treatment, the disease progresses to AIDS in about 10 years (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). soundly news is that there is a treatment with antiviral medication for HIV infection even though there is no complete cure for HIV/AIDS. As soon as a person is diagnosed as HIV-positive, a variety of medicines can be employ in combine to control this virus.The Department of Health and Human Services recommend that everyone with HIV infection must be offered antiviral medications regardless of T-cells count in order to restrict replication and duplication of the virus. HIV medications are more(prenominal) widely available than ever. They expand the lifespan of people with HIV. Not solely drug regimen, but healthy life style such as eating healthy foods including fish oil and whey protein, avoiding certain foods including pasteurizedairy products, raw eggs, and raw seafood, getting vaccine, obtaining coping skills contribute to bring down further complication of HIV/AIDS (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Prevention is the most grievous through education on safe sexual activity, safe oversee of blood transfus ion, preventive care of pregnancy, delivery, and breast-feeding among mothers with HIV/AIDS, etc. The epidemiologic trilateral is composed of agent, host, and environment.These three are interrelated to spread the communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS. For example, the agent factor is the presence or absence of human immunodeficiency virus that is transmitted directly through infected blood transfusion, sharing infected needles and syringes, and breast feeding from infected mother or indirectly through broken skin by unsafe and unsafe sexual contact. The host factors are people. They can be either HIV-positive or HIV-negative. People who are diagnosed as HIV-negative are susceptible hosts who can be infected by people who are diagnosed HIV-positive if they see unsafe sexual activity or receive unsafe health care. The environmental factors can be social and economic conditions such as poverty, crowding, and frequent mobility of people that carry agents easily to other environme nts. If the environment is less habitable, the host cleverness is reduced, and the agent source is also reduced or eliminated as well. all(a) three factors may be altered to improve community ohmic resistance to HIV infection (Maurer & Smith, 2009)HostAgentEnvironmentFigure 1 HIV epidemiologic TriangleThe community and in the public eye(predicate) health nurses play an important consumption through their tasks such as case finding, reporting, data collection and analysis, and follow-up. 1. debt instrument of primary saloon Community and public health nurses are in the front line to assess a person, family, and communities for epidemiologic agents, susceptible hosts, and well-situated environments. Nurses are responsible for educating people in the community about the causes and spread of the virus. Since 80% of HIV infection occurs by sexual contact with an HIV infected person, abstinence or advocacy of the use of condoms and other protective measures during sexual activity m ust be taught to people of all ages at risk, young or old, male or female. Safeadministration of blood, safe use of needles and syringes, safe breast-feeding, and protective health care of mothers with HIV during pregnancy or delivery must also be taught and performed as well for primary prevention. 2. Responsibility of secondary prevention Despite education and prevention efforts, reducing HIV infection is challenging. In 2009, CDC reported, youth, ages 13-29, accounted for 39% of all newHIV infections in the U.S.(Albright & Gavigan, 2014). Nurses are responsible for secondary prevention through effective intervention. There is no cure for HIV/AIDS , merely medication regimen help improve life expectancy by preventing HIV-related complications. Combination of medications at least three of antiretroviral can be used to control the virus(Moss, 2013). Nurses should encourage people who receive antiretroviral therapy of 3 to5 combination pills to be compliant with prescribed medicatio ns as scheduled. However, combination of antiretroviral cost a deal and are not available in poor countries. WHO support these countries that drug companies provide medications at low cost.Community health care providers advert voluntary counseling and testing for HIV treatment programs as entire strategies. By the help of trained counselors, patients in the community can attend their HIV status and register for treatment as needed. In southwesterly Carolina, since the number of young adults with new HIV infection is increased, a new intervention program is designed for young adults that is called HIV/AIDS randomness vaccine, using graphic novels(Albright & Gavigan, 2014). 3. Responsibility of tertiary prevention Since HIV/AIDS is incurable and at risk in progression gradually, community and public health nurses can focus on enhancing or optimizing their quality of life.HIV is not only a physiological stressor, but also a significant psychological stressor. Many of HIV positiv e patient start with depression and suicidal ideation. According to the study, these psychological symptoms among HIV-positive people are associated with a decline in CD4 cell count (Dalmida, 2006). By evidence of research, depressive manner affects neuropeptide receptor on lymphocytes and lead to decreased CD4 cell count(Dalmida, 2006). Spiritual radiation diagram and mental care for HIV-positive people are beneficial to relax kindly nervous system and enhance immune function (Rabin 1999). According to the holistic view of human being, an awareness of ones weird self-importance is very important to extend life span with optimal healthincreasing greater satisfaction with life. (Rabin, 1999).Community and public health nurses have a role in such responsibilities in order to solve a person, family and community different and healthier by providing coping skills with spiritual activities for people who are infected by HIV and who are pathetic with AIDS. AIDS United is an organiza tion that carries its mission in the U.S. to end the epidemic of AIDS since 1987. This organization has funded to local communities for syringe access, access to care, capacity building, HIV prevention and advocacy. AIDS United supports community-driven to HIV epidemic around the nation that reach populations with HIV/AIDS including gay and bisexual men and women, adolescents in school.ReferencesAlbright, K.S., Gavigan, K. (2014) tuition Vaccine using Graphic Novels as an HIV/AIDS prevention resource for young adults. Journal of Education for Library & Information Science Spring 2014, Vol.55 Issue 2, p178-185. Retrieved from GCU library. Coleman, C.L., Holzemer, W.L. (1999). Spirituality, psychological well-being and the quality of life. In L.A. peplau & D.Perlman (Eds), Loneliness A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy (pp.224-237). New York Wiley-Inter-science. Retrieved from Grand Canyon University(GCU) Library. Dalmida, S.G. (2006). Spirituality, cordial Health, Physical Health, and Health-related quality of life among women with HIV/AIDS Integrating spirituality into mental health care. Issues in Mental health nursing. Vol. 27. Retrieved from GCU library. Maurer, F.A., Smith, C.M. (2009) Community/ exoteric Health Nursing Practice Health for families and populations (4th ed.)Saunders Version Retrieved on June 5, 2014 from http//evolve.elsevier.com Moss, J.A. (2013) HIV/AIDS Review. Journal of Radiologic Technology, 2013 Jan 1 84(3) pp. 247-270. Retrieved on June 5, 2014 from GCU library. MayoClinic (n.d.). Retrieved on June 5, 2014 from http//www.mayoclinic.org/disease-conditions/hiv-aids/basics/causes/con-20013732 U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) http//www.cdc.org/cough/index.htm World Health Organization(WHO) http//www.who.int