The Struggle of Equality for Blacks in the 21st Century Essay -- essay

The Struggle of Equality for Blacks in the 21st CenturyOn December 29, 2004, Richard Blakey was applying for a job call into question at the real prestigious Public Relations firm, Ketchum, in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania. He was the only black man applying for the job. Little did he know that he had no chance of get the job no matter how qualified he was for the position because he was a black man and his counterparts were livid. He went into the interview and gave it everything that he had. The executive director told him that his skills were extraordinary and he was very impressed. Richard left Ketchum with a smile on his face knowing that he made an impression and will be get a call in about a week. Three weeks passed and Richard finally received a phone call from the Ketchum organization, and the same executive director that gave him the interview told him that he had not received the job. When Richard asked him why, the executive director stated that he was too dark for the p ublic relations firm, and that the job was given to a white man. Richard hung up the phone and began to cry.Have you ever encountered racism? If your answer is no, youre either very lucky or very naive. Chances ar, you have. Perhaps youve never seen psyche being denied a job because of the color of their skin, but chances are, you remember the Rodney King beating and the O.J. Simpson trial, or youve heard someone comment that black men are better basketball players than their white teammates or that they are more likely to be on welfare than white people are. If so, then youve encountered racism. According to The ergodic House College Dictionary, Racism, or Racialism, is defined as the theory or idea that there is a causal link between inherited physical traits and sealed traits of personality, intellect, or culture and, combined with it, the notion that some races are inherently superior to others. It is found in many forms, and it has profoundly shaped our history as Americans . Most often in our culture, when racism is mentioned, it refers to the relationship between white people, which make up the majority, and black people, which compose a sizable minorityIt seems to me, that later on all the years of struggling for equality blacks should no longer have to fight for what they want in America, but that is not true. Blacks are still combat for things that are given to white... ...Moving Beyond Racial Preferences.3/4/05,volume 51, issue26, pb13, 2p.Okazawa-Ray.Margo, Journal of Health. Economic, Social, and Racial Justice The Survival of the African American Family. Social Policy, 1997, volume 9. recognize 1, p15, 7p.The Libertarian Party Press Release. Blacks are the biggest victims of racist government policies, say libertarians. 1994-2003. www.p.org/press/archive.php?function=view&record=724Torpay, John. Journal of Human Rights. Paying for the Past? The bm for African Americans. June 2004, volume3, issue 2, p171, 17p.Wilson. In injury and Racism, The Truly Disadvantaged The Inner City,Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1997.From Racism It Is Always There by Elizabeth Martinez Smith.From Prejudice and Racism, 2nd ed., 1997, by James M. Jones.www.cnn.com/arhive/2000/us/09/2/us.racism.ap/www.capmag.om/article.asp? ID=2286www.vernonjohns.org/rosemary1246/repubs.htmlit will be me.

Defending A Mans Honor :: essays research papers

reason a Mans HonorThe main male characters in Shakespeares play Othello vote d ingest their wives in order to defend their own honor. In the period setting of the play, to show honor, women are expected to be subservient to their husbands. The characters Iago and Othello reflect this attitude toward their several(prenominal) wives, giving them reason to feel just in killing these women. Iago kills Emilia because she dishonors him by revealing his manipulation of Othello and Cassio. Othello throttle Desdemona because of imagined infidelity, which makes him look like a fool. both(prenominal) men have different ideas of honor, perceive their own honorable status differently, have different relationships with their wives, and different feelings of remorse. in conclusion they both kill their wives to defend their own honor. Proud, noble, and brave warrior Othello is well respected and his military skills and adventures are widely known. He is charismatic, charming, self-reliant a nd well traveled. These personality traits make Desdemona f only in love with him, and by these, he measures his honorability. His measures his self-worth by the way he is perceived by others. That is the main reason why he perceives Desdemonas alleged infidelity as ruining his honor. It makes him look like a fool and he feels that he has been taken advantage of because he is unwise and unacquainted with(predicate) with the devious sexual practices of Venice women.Othello is also very(prenominal) trusting. Of course, the question is why he believes Iago and doubts his wife. He believes honest Iago with away question because Iago had served in the army with him and is generally regarded by all to be an honest man. The feelings of organism an outlander and insecure in his social status are Othellos character flaws and Iago to takes advantage of these Achilles heals. For Iago, deception, manipulating, and killing are secant nature. It doesnt occur to him that he result be caught and he doesnt have any conscience about what he has done. These characteristics show that Iago is self-absorbed and out for himself. He is also greedy and green-eyed and plots to make everyone around him unhappy, while seeking position and honor. High position and honor starts his hatred of Othello. Iago sees Othello as being beneath him because of his race, but having all the rain cloud and honor that he covets. The final straw, Cassio being made lieutenant over him, makes him take action and plot his revenge.Defending A Mans Honor essays research papers Defending a Mans HonorThe main male characters in Shakespeares play Othello kill their wives in order to defend their own honor. In the period setting of the play, to show honor, women are expected to be subservient to their husbands. The characters Iago and Othello reflect this attitude toward their respective wives, giving them reason to feel just in killing these women. Iago kills Emilia because she dishonors him by reveali ng his manipulation of Othello and Cassio. Othello strangles Desdemona because of imagined infidelity, which makes him look like a fool. Both men have different ideas of honor, perceive their own honorable status differently, have different relationships with their wives, and different feelings of remorse. Ultimately they both kill their wives to defend their own honor. Proud, noble, and brave warrior Othello is well respected and his military skills and adventures are widely known. He is charismatic, charming, self-reliant and well traveled. These personality traits made Desdemona fall in love with him, and by these, he measures his honorability. His measures his self-worth by the way he is perceived by others. That is the main reason why he perceives Desdemonas alleged infidelity as ruining his honor. It makes him look like a fool and he feels that he has been taken advantage of because he is unwise and unfamiliar with the devious sexual practices of Venice women.Othello is also v ery trusting. Of course, the question is why he believes Iago and doubts his wife. He believes honest Iago without question because Iago had served in the army with him and is generally regarded by all to be an honest man. The feelings of being an outsider and insecure in his social status are Othellos character flaws and Iago to takes advantage of these Achilles heals. For Iago, deception, manipulating, and killing are second nature. It doesnt occur to him that he will be caught and he doesnt have any conscience about what he has done. These characteristics show that Iago is self-absorbed and out for himself. He is also greedy and jealous and plots to make everyone around him unhappy, while seeking position and honor. High position and honor starts his hatred of Othello. Iago sees Othello as being beneath him because of his race, but having all the glory and honor that he covets. The final straw, Cassio being made lieutenant over him, makes him take action and plot his revenge.

Organ Donation :: essays papers

Organ Donation In March of 1999, I was given a largess from a individual I never knew a person Ill never get to know. This gift cost the person who gave it to me, no money, but it was the most valuable gift Ill ever receive. The gift was a piece of life from another person. At the age of twenty-four, I broke my hip. After three unsuccessful surgical attempts to heal it, my doctors performed a amount of money hip replacement. The top four inches of my femur were sawed off, and the inside of my bone was hollowed out. A steel rod, nine inches long, was pressed fit into my bone. I was on crutches for over a year, but I really believed I would be able to walk on my own again. Less than one year after the surgery, I was back up on crutches and in terrible pain. I had developed stress fractures in several places along my femur. For nearly one year I walked only when it was demand and ate painkillers as though they were candy. Finally, my doctors decided to try something new. On March 9, 1999, my doctors took a rib bone, befoolated from a cadaver, split it in half, and wired it around my bemused femur. Less than two months later, I was off crutches and walking normally for the first time in almost five years. I could actually enjoy life. I was lucky. I wasnt going to die if I had no donor, donated bone is easier to acquire that a heart, lung or kidney. Other people are not as lucky. Patients waiting for one of those life-sustaining organs must rely on the generosity of others, and the misfortune of that generous person. Someone must die, in order for that person to live.No one likes to talk about death, but lets face it, we all die. Dying is a part of life. Many people dont talk about organ donation because it involves talking about death. But, what if, from our death, we could give another person a chance to live, or merely correct the quality of his or her life?As of September 1999, over 65,000 people wait, with their name on a list, for a life savin g organ. Only a fraction of those will live long enough to receive that organ.

Shakespeares Macbeth and Euripedes Medea :: comparison compare contrast essays

Shakespeares Macbeth and Euripedes Medea Shakespeares Macbeth, and Euripedes Medea, are both tragic plays in the classical sense. Both Medea and Macbeth thirst for the unattainable, and that lust destroys them. It can non be said which character is a truly tragic figure, because both fit the description. However, if either character deserves more sympathy it is Madea, the jilted wife, not Macbeth the King killer. Macbeths lust for power and his willingness to please his wife leads to his downfall. He murders the children of his one time friend, and suffers the consequences of that sin. Medea murders her own children in her quest to win back her lover Jason. She does this to hear revenge, since Jason sees the children not as theirs, only as his. She also, like Macbeth seeks to kill her rival, Jasons new lover, the daughter of King Creon of Corinth and a real Greek. Both Euripedes and Shakespeare use the supernatural to enhance their plays. Macbeth is influenced by the prophecy of the collar witches. Madea, who is a witch herself, is influenced by the mythological Gods of ancient Greece. Macbeths and Medeas ambitions and lust lead to tragic conclusions in their lives. Urged by his henpecking wife, Macbeth lusts for the throne. In the beginning of the play, Macbeth is likeable, but we soon see his dark side that will lead to his tragic downfall. The play starts with Macbeth and Banquo as co-leaders of the Scottish army, are returning from battle when they meet three witches. The witches prophesy that Macbeth will become Thane of Cawder and, later, king. bodyOffer() 1. Witch. All hail, Macbeth. Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis 2. Witch. All hail, Macbeth. Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor 3. Witch. All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be King here- after (Act 1. Sc. III, lines 50-55) They tell Banquo that he will not be king himself but he will have his descendants as kings 1. Witch. Lesser than Macbeth, and greater. 2. Witch. Not so happy, yet happier. 3. Wit ch. Thou shalt get Kings, though thou be none. So all hail, Macbeth and Banquo (Act 1, SC. III lines 70-74) Here we see Macbeths ambitions begin to appear. He begins to consider the possibility of becoming king There is a chance that King Duncan might choose Macbeth, a cousin, as his successor, but Macbeths hopes are destroyed when Duncan names his son, Malcolm.

Extraterrestrial Visitation - The Truth is Out There :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Extraterrestrial Visitation - The Truth is Out There vista up in the sky Its a bird Its a plane No, its...a UFO? For galore(postnominal) years, the question of extraterrestrial visitation is one that has puzzled everyone from the media crazed public to the most ingenious scientists. An excerpt from the 1996 summers sci-fi thriller, Independence Day , reflects how some of the public feel about the validity behind extraterrestrial visitation PRESIDENT. Sir, unheeding of what you might have read in the tabloids there have never been any spacecrafts recovered by your government. Take my word for it. There is no field of view 51. There is no recovered spaceship.AIDE. Uhh... Mr. President... Thats not entirely correct...Maybe aliens have visited us in the past. But if so, it has only been on the big screen. Though many avow that they have come in contact with alien visitors, these sightings have been like a cocktail a mixture of hoaxes, hallucinations, misinterpretations of natural ph enomenon, and paranoid imagination. In fact, the chance of intelligent life outside of our planet is almost nil. Reports of extraterrestrial visitation have never been scientifically confirmed. Because the alien topic has been exploited for all its cost by the market, the argument for the existence of extraterrestrial visitation seems watered down. But still, many people have seriously defended the existence of UFOs through the decades. Some look at they have caught a glimpse of them. Others say the government is covering up information about aliens they have discovered. Still others go as far as to say they were abducted. However, one thing is a non-variable the firmness of their belief. Many are enthusiastic, almost obsessed, about their interest. Some wander about in search of UFOs, plot of land others lead normal lives. They say that they know what they saw.The pro-UFO argument has always been one that was suspicious and inconsistent. In spite of this disorganization, the th eory, like even the most separated arguments, has vulgar threads that links everything together. The first thread is that, intelligent extraterrestrial life exists and their technology is far more advanced than our own. The second thread is that the government has purportedly found alien spacecrafts and alien bodies, and they are covering up the story by keeping critical information from us. Believers seem to think the rest of the introduction is hostile to this idea because others are not open-minded enough to see the truth.

Extraterrestrial Visitation - The Truth is Out There :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Extraterrestrial Visitation - The Truth is Out ThereLook up in the sky Its a damn Its a plane No, its...a UFO? For many years, the question of extraterrestrial ruin is one that has puzzled everyone from the media crazed public to the most ingenious scientists. An excerpt from the 1996 summers sci-fi thriller, license Day , reflects how some of the public feel about the validity behind extraterrestrial visitation PRESIDENT. Sir, regardless of what you might have read in the tabloids in that respect have never been any spacecrafts recovered by your regimen. Take my word for it. There is no Area 51. There is no recovered spaceship.AIDE. Uhh... Mr. President... Thats not only when correct...Maybe aliens have visited us in the past. But if so, it has only been on the big screen. Though many avow that they have come in impinging with alien visitors, these sightings have been like a cocktail a mixture of hoaxes, hallucinations, misinterpretations of natural phenomenon, and paranoid imagination. In fact, the probability of skilful life outside of our planet is or so nil. Reports of extraterrestrial visitation have never been scientifically confirmed. Because the alien topic has been exploited for all its worth by the market, the line for the existence of extraterrestrial visitation seems watered down. But still, many people have seriously defended the existence of UFOs through the decades. Some claim they have caught a glimpse of them. Others say the government is finish up information about aliens they have discovered. Still others go as far as to say they were abducted. However, one thing is a non-variable the declaration of their belief. Many are enthusiastic, almost obsessed, about their interest. Some wander about in search of UFOs, while others lead normal lives. They say that they know what they saw.The pro-UFO argument has always been one that was suspicious and inconsistent. In spite of this disorganization, the theory, like even the most separate d arguments, has common threads that links everything together. The first thread is that, intelligent extraterrestrial life exists and their technology is far more advanced than our own. The second thread is that the government has supposedly found alien spacecrafts and alien bodies, and they are covering up the story by keeping critical information from us. Believers seem to think the rest of the world is hostile to this idea because others are not open-minded enough to see the truth.

S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc.

Steadfast commit handst to the environment and spirit of innovation make S. C. Johnson & discussion an outstanding achiever in employee and community relations (Tortorici, 2006, p. 1). This family-owned and huge manufacturer of consumer goods earned its worldwide success through focusing what is best for the employees, the environment and the nigh generation. As a corporate leader, it finds its way to international recognitions and accomplishments, by prioritizing the value of employees and community. Achievements earned in 2007 worldwide sales grew to a record $61. 1 billion, an add of 14. 6%, with operational sales up 11. 5%.Net earnings as adjusted of $12. 1 billion grew by 8. 6%. diluted earning per consider were $3. 63 (Weldon, 2008, p. 3). In the year of 2006, a recent award was received from Ron Brown for corporate leadership and 2001 formulated the environmental classification system Greenlist. SC Johnson is fully committed to taking measures to safeguard the planets res ources by utilizing environment-friendly materials. Johnson & Johnson is the worlds most comprehensive and broadly based manufacturer of health care products, as well as a provider of related services, for the consumer, pharmaceutical, and medical devices and diagnostic markets.The more than 200 Johnson & Johnson operating companies employ approximately 115,000 men and women in 57 countries and sell products throughout the world (Tortorici, 2006, p. 1). S. C. Johnson will definitely be my company preference since this organization provides opportunities for career advancement and professional growth. Its loyalty to excellent employee practices such as its openness to diversity, training programs, cross-functional assignments and flexibility of feed schedules makes it an outstanding workplace. According to Fortune Magazine, S. C Johnson is one of the 100 best companies to work for the year 2008.ReferencesTaylor, J. (2007, July 2). SC Johnson Web Site Features Companys Commitment t o Doing Whats Right. CSRwire. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http//www.csrwire.com/News/9071.html Tortorici, F. (2006, January 11). Bayer Corporation, Johnson & Johnson and S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Honored By Presidential Award. Conference Board. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http//www.conference-board.org/utilities/pressDetail.cfm?press_ID=2793 Weldon, W. (2008, March 12). 2007 annual report. Johnson and Johnson. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http//www.jnj.com/investor/documents/reports/2007AR.pdf

Midterm for Information System

MIS EXAM QUESTIONS 1) Developing a hot product, fulfilling an order, and hiring a new employee be examples of business enterprise processes. make out uncoiled dour 2) A in full digital firm produces only digital goods or services. firmness of purpose professedly monstrous 3) A business model describes how a company produces, delivers, and sells a product or service to create wealth. do True False 4) Information technology (IT) consists of all the ironware that a firm needs to phthisis in order to achieve its business objectives, whereas teaching systems consist of all the software program and business processes needed. settlement True False 5) Computers are only part of an study system. termination True False 6) The dimensions of nurture systems are perplexity, placements, and information technology. Answer True False 7) In order to understand how a specific business firm phthisiss information systems, you need to know something about the hierarchy and culture of the company. Answer True False 8) Business processes are logically related tasks for accomplishing tasks that have been formally encoded by an organization. Answer True False ) A substantial part of management responsibility is creative work driven by new familiarity and information. Answer True False 10) Intranets allow firms to work easily with third-party suppliers and vendors. Answer True False 11) An IT infrastructure provides the platform on which the firm git build its information systems. Answer True False 12) The six important business objectives of information technology are new products, services, and business models customer and supplier intimacy survival free-enterprise(a) advantage operational excellence and A) improved flexibility.B) improved termination making. C) improved business uses. D) improved efficiency. Answer B 13) Which of the future(a) choices may lead to competitive advantage (1) new products, services, and business models (2) charging less for s uperior products (3) responding to customers in real time? A) 1 only B) 1 and 2 C) 2 and 3 D) 1, 2, and 3 Answer D 14) The move of retail banking to use ATMs after(prenominal) Citibank unveiled its first ATMs illustrates the use of information systems to achieve which business objective? A) improved efficiency B) customer and supplier intimacy C) survival D) competitive advantageAnswer C 15) The three activities in an information system that produce the information organizations use to control operations are A) information retrieval, research, and analysis. B) input, output, and feedback. C) input, processing, and output. D) info analysis, processing, and feedback. Answer C 16) product A) is feedback that has been processed to create meaningful information. B) is information that is degenerateed to appropriate members of the organization to help them evaluate the input stage. C) transfers information to the people who impart use it or to the activities for which it leave alon e be employ.D) transfers processed information to the people who will use it or to the activities for which it will be used. Answer D 17) Converting raw info into a more(prenominal) meaningful form is called A) capturing. B) processing. C) organizing. D) feedback. Answer B 18) The fundamental set of assumptions, values, and ways of doing things that has been accepted by most of a companys members is called its A) culture. B) environment. C) atmosphere. D) values. Answer A 19) The hardware and software used to transfer information in an organization is called A) info management technology. B) networking and entropy management technology.C) data and telecommunications technology. D) networking and telecommunications technology. Answer D 20) Networking and telecommunications technologies, along with computer hardware, software, data management technology, and the people required to run and manage them, constitute an organizations A) data management environment. B) networked envir onment. C) IT infrastructure. D) information system. Answer C 21) From a business perspective, raw data is transformed systematically during various stages, transforming it into valuable information, in a process called A) the information value chain.B) the IT value chain. C) information processing. D) feedback. Answer A 22) The be for firms operating(a) on a global scale have been drastically discreditd by A) networking technology. B) investments in organizational complementary assets. C) the net income. D) the rise of digital content. Answer C 23) Which of the following are key corporate assets? A) intellectual property, core debatencies, and financial and human assets B) production technologies and business processes for sales, marketing, and finance C) knowledge and the firms tangible assets, such as goods or services D) time and knowledgeAnswer A 25) Overproduction or underproduction of goods and services, misallocation of resources, and poor response times are the results of a firms having A) poor transactionhips with suppliers. B) poor relationships with customers. C) inadequate information. D) a surplus of information. Answer C 25) A firm that must invest in new information systems capabilities in order to comply with federal jurisprudence loafer be said to be investing to achieve which business objective? A) customer intimacy B) operational excellence C) survival D) improved insurance coverage Answer C 6) Operational management is responsible for directing the day-to-day operations of the business and therefore needs transaction-level information. Answer True False 27) You would use an MIS to help decide whether to introduce a new product line. Answer True False 28) Transaction processing systems are most commonly used by the senior management level of an organization. Answer True False 29) A transaction processing system is a computerized system that performs and records the daily map transactions necessary to conduct business. Answer True False 0) Management information systems typically keep nonroutine decision making. Answer True False 31) functional systems that support business processes within a single functional group, such as human resources, are being phased out in favor of cross-functional systems. Answer True False 32) Managers need TPSs to monitor the status of internal operations and the firms relations with the impertinent environment. Answer True False 33) Decision-support systems help managers make decisions that are alone(p), rapidly changing, and not easily specified in advance.Answer True False 34) Decision-support systems use internal information as well as information from external sources. Answer True False 35) ESSs are designed to serve the middle management of the organization. Answer True False 36) ESSs are designed to incorporate data about external events, but they also draw summarized information from internal MIS and DSS. Answer True False 37) Enterprise systems often include transact ions with customers and vendors. Answer True False 38) Supply chain management systems are more externally oriented than enterprise systems.Answer True False 39) Which of the following is an example of a cross-functional business process? A) identifying customers B) creating a new product C) assembling a product D) paying creditors Answer B 40) Which type of system would you use to throw a production schedule if a key supplier was late in delivering goods? A) ESS B) TPS C) MIS D) DSS Answer B 41) To monitor the status of internal operations and the firms relations with the external environment, managers need ________ systems. A) decision-support B) knowledge C) transaction processing D) management information Answer C 2) Which systems are typically a major source of data for other systems? A) transaction processing systems B) management information systems C) executive support systems D) decision-support systems Answer A 43) Which type of system would you use to determine the five suppliers with the scald record in delivering goods on time? A) ESS B) TPS C) MIS D) DSS Answer C 44) A relocation control system that reports summaries on the total moving, house-hunting, and home financing costs for employees in all company divisions would fall into the category of A) knowledge management systems.B) transaction processing systems. C) executive support systems. D) management information systems. Answer D 45) The term management information systems designates a specific category of information systems serving A) integrated data processing throughout the firm. B) transaction process reporting. C) employees with online plan of attack to historical records. D) middle management functions. Answer D 46) Non-typical business problems with causes and effects that are rapidly changing are typically handled by which type of information system ? A) MIS B) TPS C) ESSD) DSS Answer D 47)________ systems are especially suited to situations in which the procedure for arriving a t a solution may not be fully defined in advance. A) Management information B) Transaction processing C) Decision-support D) Knowledge management Answer C 48) Which type of system would you use to forecast the return on investment if you used new suppliers with violate delivery runway records? A) ESS B) TPS C) MIS D) DSS Answer D 49) ESS are specifically designed to serve which level of the organization? A) operational B) end-user C) middle managementD) senior management Answer D 50) Executive support systems are information systems that support the A) long-range planning activities of senior management. B) knowledge and data workers in an organization. C) decision-making and administrative activities of middle managers. D) day-to-day processes of production. Answer A 51) Which type of system would you use to determine what trends in your suppliers industry will claim your firm the most in five geezerhood? A) ESS B) TPS C) MIS D) DSS Answer A 52) What is the most important funct ion of an enterprise application?A) increasing speed of communication B) enabling business functions and departments to share information C) enabling a company to work collaboratively with customers and suppliers D) enabling cost-effective e-business processes Answer B 53) ________ are designed to support organization-wide process coordination and integration. A) Decision-support systems B) Management information systems C) CRM systems D) Enterprise applications Answer D 54) Enterprise systems are also known as ________ systems. A) resource planning B) enterprise resource planning C) enterprise supportD)management information Answer B 55) ________ systems are designed to help firms manage their relationships with their customers. A) CRM B) MIS C) CLE D) CLU Answer A 56) Which types of systems consolidate the relevant knowledge and familiarity in the firm to make it available to improve business processes and management decision making? A) TPS B) extranets C) KMS D) CRM Answer C 57 ) Which of the following types of system helps expedite the feed in of information between the firm and its suppliers and customers? A) intranet B) extranet C) KMS D) TPS Answer B 8) Which of the following is not one of the fifteen categories of collaborative software tools? A) file sharing B) event schedule C) white boarding D) extranets Answer D 59) You work for a highly successful advertiser that is just about to expand nationally. Of utmost importance will be finding a way to store and disseminate their clients continually updated branding guides, which include multiple image files and text documents, to all of the firms branches. What system will best serve these needs? A) an intranet with KMS capabilities B) an extranet with KMS capabilitiesC) a TPS with KMS capabilities D) a CRM Answer B 60) You have been hired by a worldwide non-profit agency to implement a system to handle their donations. The system must be able to handle and record telephone, sms, and Internet donations , provide up-to-the-minute reports, and create highly customizable mailing lists. In addition, event fundraisers need to be able to quickly access a donors information and history. Which of the following systems will best meet these needs? A) TPS B) TPS with DSS capabilities C) TPS with MIS capabilities D) TPS with ESS capabilities Answer C 1) The interaction between information systems and organizations is influenced A) earlier by the decision making of middle- and senior-managers. B) by many factors, including structure, politics, culture, and environment. C) by two main microeconomic forces capital and labor. D) primarily by the organizations business processes and culture. Answer B 62) An organization is a A) stable, formal social structure that takes resources from the environment and processes them to produce outputs. B) formal, legal entity with internal rules and procedures that must jump by laws. C) collection of social elements.D) B and C E) A, B, and C Answer E 63) How does the practiced view of organizations fall short of understanding the full impacts of information systems in a firm? A) It sees information systems as a way to rearrange the inputs and outputs of the organization. B) It sees capital and labor as primary production factors. C) It sees the inputs and outputs, labor and capital, as being infinitely malleable. D) It sees the organization as a social structure similar to a machine. Answer C 64) All of the following are major features of organizations that impact the use of information systems EXCEPT for A) business processesB) environments C) goals D) agency costs Answer D 65) Business processes are collections of A) informal practices and behaviors. B) formalized and documented practices. C) routines. D) rights and privileges. Answer C 66) The costs incurred when a firm buys on the marketplace what it thunder mugnot make itself are referred to as A) switching costs. B) transaction costs. C) procurement. D) agency costs. Answer B 67 ) Which of the following statements is NOT true about information technologys impacts on business firms? A) It helps firms expand in size.B) It helps firms lower the cost of market participation. C) It helps reduce internal management costs. D) It helps reduce transaction costs. Answer A 68) According to agency theory, the firm is viewed as a(n) A) unified, profit-maximizing entity. B) task force organization that must respond to rapidly changing environments. C) entrepreneurial endeavor. D) nexus of contracts among self-interested individuals. Answer D 69) The ________ model is used to describe the interaction of external forces that affect an organizations strategy and ability to compete.A) network economics B) competitive forces C) competitive advantage D) demand control Answer B 70) Which of the following industries has a low barrier to entry? A) automotive B) computer chip C) restaurant D) airline Answer C 71) Which of the following is NOT one of the competitive forces? A) sup pliers B) other competitors C) external environment D) customers Answer C 72) A manufacturer of marine oil rigs may be least concerned about this marketplace force. A) product differentiation B) traditional competitors C) low number of suppliers D) new market entrants Answer D 3) A firm can exercise greater control over its suppliers by having A) more suppliers. B) fewer suppliers. C) global suppliers. D) local suppliers. Answer A 74) The four major types of competitive strategy are A) low-cost leadership substitute products and services customers and suppliers. B) low-cost leadership product differentiation guidance on market break and customer and supplier intimacy. C) new market entrants substitute products and services customers and suppliers. D) low-cost leadership new market entrants product differentiation and focus on market niche.Answer B 75) When a firm provides a specialized product or service for a narrow target market better than competitors, they are using a _______ _ strategy. A) product differentiation B) market niche C) mass customization D) process efficiency Answer B 76) ________ is the ability to offer singly tailored products or services using the same production resources as bulk production. A) Mass customization B) Size customization C) Magnitude customization D) Dimension customization Answer A 77) Hilton Hotels use of customer information software to identify the most rofitable customers to direct services to is an example of using information systems to A) streng thus customer intimacy. B) differentiate their service. C) focus on market niche. D) increase efficiency. Answer C 78) An information system can enable a company to focus on a market niche through A) complex trend forecasting. B) tailoring products to the client. C) intensive product trend analysis. D) intensive customer data analysis. Answer D 79) Upon which of the following industries has the Internet as a whole been a disruptive technology? A) bill payments B) air trave lC) books D) real estate Answer B 80) Internet technology A) makes it easy for rivals to compete on price alone. B) imposes a significant cost of entry, out-of-pocket to infrastructure requirements. C) increases the difference between competitors because of the wide availability of information. D) makes it easy to sustain operational advantages. Answer A 81) The Internet raises the bargaining power of customers by A) creating new opportunities for building loyal customer bases. B) making more products available. C) making information available to everyone. D) sinister transaction costs.Answer C 82) A virtual company A) uses the capabilities of other companies without being physically tied to those companies. B) uses Internet technology to maintain a virtual storefront. C) uses Internet technology to maintain a networked community of users. D) provides entirely Internet-driven services, or virtual products. Answer A 83) The four key technical trends responsible for current honest stresses related to information technology are (1) doubling of computer power every 18 months, (2) data analysis advances, (3) declining data storage costs, and (4) ________.A) advances in radio receiver networking B) international standards for data protection C) networking advances and the Internet D) increased ease in file sharing and copying Answer C 84) The use of computers to combine data from multiple sources and create electronic dossiers of detailed information on individuals is called A) profiling. B) phishing. C) spamming. D) targeting. Answer A 85) Accepting the potential costs, duties, and obligations for the decisions you make is referred to as A) responsibility. B) righteousness. C) liability. D) due process. Answer A 6) The feature of political systems in which a body of laws is in place that permits individuals to recover the damages done to them by other actors, systems, or organizations is referred to as A) accountability. B) responsibility. C) due process. D) li ability. Answer D 87) The feature of social institutions that means mechanisms are in place to determine responsibility for an action is called A) due process. B) accountability. C) the courts of appeal. D) the judicial system. Answer B 88) Which of the following is not one of the five steps discussed in the chapter as a process for analyzing an ethical issue?A) Assign responsibility. B) Identify the stakeholders. C) Identify the options you can reasonably take. D) Identify and clearly describe the facts. Answer A 89) The ethical no free lunch rule states that A) if an action cannot be taken repeatedly, then it is not right to be taken at any time. B) one should take the action that produces the least harm or incurs the least cost. C) one can put values in rank order and understand the consequences of various courses of action. D) everything is owned by someone else, and that the creator wants compensation for this work. Answer D 0) European privacy protection is ________ than in th e United States. A) less far-reaching B) less liable to laws C) much less stringent D) much more stringent Answer D 91) The Internet has made the protection of intellectual property A) more catchy, because of the lack of enforcable regulations. B) easier, because of the proliferation of creative and professional software. C) more difficult, because of the ease of copying and transmitting digitized media. D) easier, because of the ability to track user behavior and visits to Web sites and file-sharing services.Answer C 92) When a cookie is created during a Web site visit, it is stored A) on the Web site computer. B) on the visitors computer. C) on the ISPs computer. D) in a Web directory. Answer B 93) The Online Privacy Alliance A) encourages self-regulation to develop a set of privacy guidelines for its members. B) protects user privacy during interactions with Web sites. C) has established technical guidelines for ensuring privacy. D) is a government agency regulating the use of c ustomer information. Answer A 4) Intellectual property can best be described as A) intangible property created by individuals or corporations. B) the expression of an intangible idea. C) unique creative work or ideas. D) tangible or intangible property created from a unique idea. Answer A 95) A limitation of trade secret protection for software is that A) it does not protect against copying the underlying ideas behind the software. B) it is difficult to compare one piece of software to another. C) it is difficult to prevent the ideas in the work from falling into the public domain.D) few software programs contain truly unique elements. Answer C 96) The strength of patent protection is that it A) puts the strength of law behind copyright. B) allows protection from Internet theft of ideas put forth publicly. C) is easy to define. D) grants a monopoly on underlying concepts and ideas. Answer D 97) One of the difficulties of patent protection is A) that only the underlying ideas are pro tected. B) digital media cannot be patented. C) preventing the ideas from falling into public domain. D) the years of waiting to receive it. Answer D 8) In general, it is very difficult to hold software producers liable for their software products when those products are considered to be A) part of a machine. B) similar to books. C) services. D) artistic expressions. Answer B 99) The most common source of business system failure is A) software bugs. B) software errors. C) hardware or facilities failures. D) data quality. Answer D 100) Two of the three principal sources of poor system performance are A) software bugs and errors and outdated standards. B) hardware or facility failures and malware.C) hardware or facility failures and poor input data quality. D) poor input data quality and insufficient integration with legacy systems. Answer C 101) The practice of spamming has been growing because A) telephone solicitation is no longer legal. B) it is good advertising practice and bring s in many new customers. C) it helps pay for the Internet. D) it is so inexpensive and can reach so many people. Answer D 102) Which of the five moral dimensions of the information age does spamming raise? A) quality of life B) system quality C) accountability and control D) information rights and obligations Answer A

Gps vs. Gis

GPS vs. GIS Global Positioning System (GPS) is a system that accurately determines the precise personate of something on Earth. GPS is a constellation of twenty four satellites, each of which orbits Earth once every twelve hours. The U. S. Department of Defense operates and maintains these Global Positioning System satellites. Each satellite contains a high precision atomic clock and several transmitters that constantly send radio signals back to Earth. These signals communicate the satellites unique identification code, health, and position in space.Global Positioning Systems and base stations units in the fields receive these satellites and use them to calculate positions. All Global Positioning Systems receivers collect the locations of substantial world features (represented as points, lines or areas), and some can store descriptive info, or attributes, about these features. (1) Global positioning systems train been fully operational since April 27, 1995. GPS have become wi dely used worldwide, and a useful tool for map making, land surviving, commerce, scientific uses, tracking and surveillance, and hobbies such as geocaching.Also, the precise time lengthiness is used in many applications including the scientific study of earthquakes and as a required time synchronization method for cellular network protocols . (2) Geographers find GPS to be particularly useful in coding the precise location of objects. That information can later be enters as a layer in geographic information systems. (2) Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic date. 3) Geographic Information Systems allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. A Geographic Information Systems helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared. Geographic Information System technology can be integrated into any first step information system framework. GIS is most often associated with a map.A map, however, is only one way you can work with geographic data in a Geographic information System, and only one type of product generated by a GIS. A GIS can provide a great deal more than problem-solving capabilities than using a simple mapping program or adding data to an online mapping tool. When GIS software was first created, it required powerful computers and extensive training. Now, anyone can ramp up a desktop map. (3) (1) www. gps. gov (2) http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/GPS (3) Rubenstein chapter 1

The Magic Finger

The Magic Fingers exposition is that there was a girl that has super powers. If someone was very mean to her, she pointed her finger at them and they turned into what ever they were mean to her for. This took place near her house like in the backyard. One of the main characters are Mr. and Mrs. Gregg and there two children William and Philip Gregg.In the book the main conflict was that the Gregg family was killing birds and their neighbors hated it. One day, the shrimpy girl next door put a spell on the Gregg family. They turned into birds. Then they were very sorry for killing innocent birds. The climax of the report card was when the Gregg family turned back from being birds to humans. They were very sorry and they proved it by destroying their guns with a hammer. That was the most exciting part in the book.The resolution of the story is the Gregg family did non let anyone kill poor little birds. They buried the sixteen birds that they killed. If they heard a gun shot they would talk some sense into them. That is the end of the book.I think that they changed throughout the book. In the being of the book she was against the Gregg family and now she was not against anyone. Mr. Gregg, William and Phillip changed in a variety of ways. One way is that they were always in the woods and in the end they of the book they refused to go in the woods.I think that the book the magic finger is excellent. It is very interesting. The authors purpose is to have his readers. The author likes to talk in first. I love the book.

Competitive vs Collaborative Essay

This is when members of the congregation are preoccupied in establishing that they are right AWJ2and that the others are wrong. The group member may not want to adapt some(prenominal) of their work to have it blend with the others. They may pressure others into thinking their way. Some groups may suffer group think, where a bighearted choice goes unquestioned because group members are unwilling to go against what appears to be a consensus. Solution Separate the tasks so that in that location is little or no overlap of topics. Make sure that each person clearly perceives that there exists a clear reward for the effort expended in the group work. Group members should go in mind to compromise when coming to agreements because not everyone will always agree.Group member leaves the signifier. A aggroup member could potentially drop the class because either they just dont want to take it anymore or because a family issue, or for other reasons. If this occurs after research section a ssignments, this leaves the group vulnerable without that section. If it was far enough along in the timeline, it would be very difficult to cope with problem because the group would have to start from scratch to flesh out the remaining sections and assignments.Solution If the group has not heard from a team member all week, they should message that particular person to ask them about the assignments. If the team still does not hear from them, they should write an email to the professor inquiring about the other team member to find out if they dropped the class for any particular reason. If the team member has dropped the class or refuses participation, the group should divide the remaining sections and tasks to complete the project in a timely manner. Depending on the situation, the team should contact the professor for an extension or guidance for the particular case.Consequences The obvious penalty for lack of communication and cooperation in group work would be a lower grade or even failure to complete the project. Overcoming obstacles like these in group projects is crucial to actively use and improve communication skills and to condition teamwork experience used in the classroom as well as the workplace. Individuals effort towards group work shows ones competency to contribute meaningful information and skills to the worth of the total project. Although team members receive grades based on individual efforts, the project grade is collaborative at first. all(prenominal) team members role and effort affects the initial groups grade. In APA style, quotation marks are reserved for directly quoted materials. neer use quotes to set off a word or phrase. APA style does allow for the use of italics where terms might be new or confusing. no(prenominal) of the words in your check point are new or confusing or might be confusing to your reader so therere is no reason to use quotes or italics.

Downsizing the Human Resources Department Essay

Human Resources Department omnibus Pat Sutton is requesting the downsizing of the Human Resources Department. Instead of the eighter employees already in place, Pat wants the department p atomic number 18d down to five employees. She wants the names of terce employees selected to be terminated. There is no some other alternative to termination, and the comp each indemnity states that there can be no early retirement and no moving laterally to another department. Cost-cutting measures are now requiring that five employees do the form of eight.In addition to the names of the three employees recommended for termination, Pat wants to know what action management should take if any of the three employees decide to appoint a secernment case against the friendship and what the employees would have to prove in order to win a favoritism case. Employees Recommended for Termination Pat, I have chosen the three employees to be terminated based on their skill execute, fetch experience, and job function within the Human Resources department.The three to be terminated are Dianeshe has been with the company for 10 years, and although she is an outstanding worker, her attendance problems have cost the company. Horatiohe has only been with the company for six months, is just learning insurance and health matters, and his skills are marginal at best. Greghe has been with the company for five years and has shown an ability to quickly learn complex areas of work. However, he has not been trained in tech hiring, and his job skills are just average.Of the three named employees, one is female and two are male. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the main law of employment that is pertinent to these three employees. Possible Cases of Discrimination against Cost Club There are three different types of favoritism cases that could be file by the three employees. Race discriminationHoratio could file a case of this type. He is Hispanic and has not quite grasped the Eng lish language. He would have to prove that because he is Hispanic and has a check knowledge of English, the company terminated him.I really do not think that Horatio would win if he decided to file a racial discrimination case against the company. His minimal skills in health and insurance after six months are more than enough reason to terminate him. Gender discriminationDiane could file a case of this type. Her attendance problems stem from her childrens sicknesses over the years. She would have to prove that her termination stemmed from her being a female and missing work due to her sick children. We may have a tough time if Diane files this type of case against the company.She is an outstanding worker and her only blemishes are her missed eld of work due to her sick children. Religious discriminationGreg could possibly file a case of this type. His religious convictions prevent him from working on Saturday or Sunday. This forces other workers to work weekends more frequently. Greg would have to prove that the company terminated him because his religion keeps him from working on the weekend. Greg would have a hard time winning a discrimination case if he were to file, because his work is just average at best.With regard to each employees possible claim of discrimination, the company should prepare itself by carefully looking into each employees work performance employee performance appraisals. After all, the company needs to offer the three workers more than just a we had to terminate three people and you were one of them explanation. Failure to promote qualified employees is a form of adverse employment action. Employee performance appraisals provide written enfranchisement and prove the employer acted fairly in terminating an employee.Documenting Performance procession Plans (PIPs)The Performance Improvement Plan (PIP) is intended to smooth the progress of positive conversation involving an employee and his or her manager and to explain the work perfo rmance that needs development. The PIP is put into effect, at the choice of the manager, when it is deemed essential to assist an employee in improving his or her performance. This arrangement allows managers to set objectives, determine procedures, manage evaluation meetings, and record development. No particular quantity of time is needed for a worker to adhere to a PIP.As a matter of fact, if no improvements are made, an employee can be terminated after a number of weeks. Performance Improvement Plans have an awful reputation amongst force play who view them as the last step in terminating employment. This is because numerous companies apply Performance Improvement Plans the wrong way or use them for generating a lawful safety net prior to ending employment. Performance Improvement Plans should only be applied if a manager sincerely believes that the worker possesses the ability to improve. all other thing is agonizing for the worker and takes up too much time for human resource s staff and managers. Regarding human resources personnel and managers, a Performance Improvement Plan is more or less hardly ever fitting. If a supervisor is performing poorly or at a level infra standards to necessitate a Performance Improvement Plan, it is very rare that he or she will salvage the needed assurance of subordinate employees or his or her own manager. Human Resource organizations possess more than enough admission to extremely private, unique data.Moreover, because of their place in the organization, the harm to your belief in them and their trustiness is almost impossible to overcome. Dispute Resolution Process A bitterness resolution process is categorized into two types adjudicative and consensual. In an adjudicative dispute resolution process, an arbitrator, judge, or jury decides the result of the arbitration or litigation. During a consensual dispute resolution process, such as mediation, collaborative law, negotiation, or conciliation, the participants sa vour to come to an agreement (FITT, 302).For the three employees we are terminating, we would need an adjudicative dispute resolution process. This way, an arbitrator can decide the outcome of the case. Responding to Charges of Discrimination Should we be supercharged with discrimination from terminated employees, we will follow these steps 1. Gather documents and evidence but wait to interview witnesses and meet with the companys legal specialist to decide who must manage the inquiry. It may be essential to function an investigation that we reveal to the examining organization, or it may be more vital to run an investigation that can be suppressed.Nevertheless, we should amass any records which specify what actually happened. If a discrimination claim is made founded on a disparate impact, we will need to collect some simple material concerning the diversity of the companys workforce. This way, the companys attorney can determine if that data has any importance statistically. 2. If we opt to prepare a re-tort to the discrimination charges on our own, we should take into account that we have numerous onlookers. Initially, some EEOC offices will send a facsimile of the reply to the terminated worker or his/her legal counsel.If the employee or the EEOC chooses to take legal action, they are apt to attempt to exploit the companys office as substantiation in their argument. The simple rule to constantly abide by is to just state the facts. Do not state undesirable points most the terminated worker that are case irrelevant, and be sure to corroborate all testimony with any documents available. We should only give the EEOC additional information if it strengthens the companys stance. This is my recommendation on who should be terminated and what avenues of approach we should take should any discrimination charges be brought against the company.

A report on the Association of Chartered certified Accountants

The Association of Chartered certified Accountants is a accepted British statutory accounting natural structure responsible in making certified comptrollers worldwide. It is one among the fastest turning accounting extreme structures with about 140000 portions and 404000 affiliates every bit in force(p) as pupils from 170 states. This information is harmonizing to the cont correspond 2010 statistics. The caput office is situated in London and the administrative office in Glasgow. Further more the institute has a broad web affecting 80 staff offices around the universe. the institute is the laminitis organic structure of the Consultative commission of accounting organic structures and the International federation of comptrollers The term Chartered in the making given by the institute was granted by the Queen in the twelvemonth 1974. Persons who wish to be called certified public comptrollers should keep the horizontal surface given by the institute. moreover they should follow t o and ordinances framed by the institute. The Association of authorised public comptrollers is one of the subordinates of the ACCA ( ACCA- The planetary organic structure of lord comptrollers. 2010 ) .The dependent public comptrollers or CPA is the certified organic structure of public comptrollers in the US. In US merely persons comporting qualified CPA var. is authorized to certify and scrutinize fiscal statements. How of all time numerous provinces in the US obtain a lower pit of comptrollers that argon infra the normal CPA. The public comptrollers in the US belong to the national society of public comptrollers. As per the order prevailing, other unmarrieds who ar non CPA s are prohibited from utilizing the appellation of a public comptroller. The chief maps of CPA s includes confidence services, fiscal consultancy services etc. they are besides an of moment individual in the income gross enhancement country ( American institute of CPA s. 2010 ) .In Australia, it is t he Institute of employ comptrollers of Australia which performs all the statutory maps of an accounting organic structure. It has more than 50000 members and over 12000 pupils worldwide. The institute is besides the laminitis of the Global accounting confederation. The institute was formed as per the royal charter in 1928 ( Chartered Accountants, The spirit of beingness figure one. 2010 ) .Breach of misdemeanor instancesThe institutes of engage comptrollers across the Earth have stricter regulations for its members for maintaining subject. The institutes expect each and every member to follow these regulations and stick on to professional moralss without any via medias. In malice of these stricter regulations, there have been misdemeanors by its members besides. One major instance of misdemeanor is that of Mr. Stephen Charles Peck, FCA, who is a hired comptroller in Britain. The member was found punishable of conveying disrepute to the institute and profession. He was intellect ual under disciplinary action under the byelaw ( 4 ) ( 1 ) . ( a ) .On July twenty-fourth 2008, the Grantham Magistrates tribunal convicted Mr.Peck on the charges that he obtained fiscal aid under the rural endeavor ordinances 2000, on the footing of a false and deceptive statement. After many hearings, it was found that Mr. Peck was guilty in making such an act which polluted his profession. However the tribunal admitted that there were no existent purposeful efforts by the individual to make such Acts of the Apostless, he did that as a consequence of condemnable foolhardiness every bit pricey as irresponsibleness. Mr Peck was oblige a conditional discharge of 12 months and was besides ordered to pay costs amounting to 10437 lbs. Mr batch was badly reprimanded under the misdemeanor of bylaw ( 4 ) ( 1 ) ( a ) .he was asked to pay a mulct of 2000 lbs and costs amounting to 2300 lbs.Under the Torahs of the British chartered comptrollers institute, if a individual is found to hold co mmitted an act or a slackness that is likely to convey disrepute on the institute and profession every bit good as if there is breach of ordinances, such individual is apt for penalty. He may be suspended and his pattern certification may be withdrawn ( Disciplinary orders and regulative deciscions.2009 ) ..Breachs of codification of mien have been account from US besides. In another dramatic instance, a CPA from Greenwich was barred from carry oning his professional responsibilities and his certification was withdrawn by the Connecticut province instrument panel of Accountancy. This was because the CPA withheld the client s revenue enhancement records. The CPA who committed this offense was John.P. Vancho. He was ordered to give up his certification and to pay k dollars as punishment. It is interesting to observe that AICPA has disciplined 327 instances of breach of behavior by its members during the clip period of 1998- 2008. Out of this bulk of instances are involved with re gistering false returns with income revenue enhancement section. All these misdemeanors invite rigorous punishments as in the instance of JohnVancho ( Dan.2004 ) .In Australia, the ICAA ( institute of hired comptrollers in Australia ) and the CPA ( certified practising comptrollers ) are the of deduction organic structures which frame the codification of behavior. They have stricter regulations and ordinances that govern the accounting field of that state. Non conformity with the codification invites disciplinary proceedings including remotion of licenses every bit good as payment of compensation to the client. In a deceitful pattern, an comptroller in a reputed concern house was found guilty of cabaling with others by assisting them to circumvent 27.78 million Australian dollars during 1999 and 2006. The accountant Mr. Thomson used false paperss intentionionally to conceal existent net incomes generated by his clients through this action, he ensured that his clients need non pay the involve revenue enhancements to the Australian authorities. Harmonizing to the regulations and guidelines framed by the Australian institute of certified comptrollers, those comptrollers who indulge in such unethical patterns are apt for probe and criminal prosecution under the jurisprudence. The comptroller was arrested by the Australian constabulary and revenue enhancement governments ( Accountant jailed over portion in fraud. 2008 ) ..The Australian institute of hired comptrollers is a rigorous statutory organic structure which takes all necessary stairss to guarantee that the highest professional ethical criterions are maintained by its members. For implementing this, rigorous legal commissariats are applied by the institute on its members. Those who fail to follow with these criterions testament be forced to confront disciplinary actions that may change harmonizing to the grade of misdemeanor committed. The institute is non a regulator or tribunal but has a major functio n in puting high criterions for its members. The Australian institute s disciplinary procedure is just, strict every bit good as independent. Breachs of behavior are capable to independent hearing by the professional behavior court. The non-satisfied member besides has the chance to near the appeal court. The results of the court are printed in the institute s magazines and its on-line versions.Different types of countenances that the court is authorized to visit are cancellation of rank up to a period of five old ages, backdown of the right to public pattern, infliction of mulcts up to 100000. And other countenances such a remedial preparation and extra quality reappraisal of the members pattern. In the above instance, the comptroller was reprimanded by the institute and he was made apt. The indebtedness was in the temper of condemnable liability. Furthermore the institute temporarily cancelled the comptroller s rank besides ( Annual study on professional behavior. 2007 ) .Anothe r predominate accounting establishment in the planetary accounting scenario is the Institute of hired comptrollers of India. The institute was established in the twelvemonth 1949 under the hired accountant act of 1949. It is a statutory organic structure for the ordinance of hired comptrollers in India. It is now the 2nd largest accounting organic structure in the whole universe. Its collapse ranges from instruction, professional development every bit good as care of high ethical, scrutinizing and accounting criterions. The institute imposes rigorous disciplinary action on its members for non-compliance of its regulations and ordinances. For this intent it has formulated a disciplinary commission which is specially entrusted to look into such instances. For those members who were found guilty, regulations and punishments under subdivision 21 of the hired comptrollers act would be applied. These individuals will be for good disqualified from service harmonizing to order of the high tribunal connected in this respect. The penalty may change harmonizing to the nature of misconduct. It can be a rebuke, fugacious suspension of rank or lasting remotion along with infliction of mulct. In a dramatic instance of misconduct by a practicing chartered comptroller in Pune, Mr. R.D. Pawar, who was found guilty of serious misconduct, the institute applied the subdivision 21 and the hired comptroller was removed for good from the members list. Another member, Mr. L.N.Mittal was removed for 1 twelvemonth for his disciplinary misdemeanors by the institute. He was found guilty of assisting a client in hedging revenue enhancement. The hired comptroller was located in Gujarat. The institute was once more in the intelligence late when a immense corporate cozenage affecting international company Satyam computing machines was surfaced. The histories of Satyam computing machines were forged with the aid of their hearers M.S Price H2O Coopers. The cozenage was brought into visible radiation and the company and their hearer s were found guilty for the misconduct. The institute banned Price H2O Coopers from practising anyplace in India ( List of instances as on 5th May, 2010. 2010 ) .All the planetary accounting organic structures have framed rigorous regulations to cover with disciplinary misdemeanors by its members. Although the regulations and punishments are similar between all these organic structures, there are fluctuations in the strength and processs of convicting among these organic structures. For ACCA and CPA, there is a rigorous codification of behavior. The institute of certified comptrollers in Australia have gone farther by adding the clause of civil and condemnable liability apart from the normal punishments imposed by the institute. As far the Institute of hired comptrollers of India is concerned, it has one of the lengthiest Acts of the Apostless, i.e. the hired accounting act for disposal. Breaches of professional behavior are scanned by the disciplinary commission before the finding of fact is given. The common regulations followed by all these accounting organic structures include lasting remotion from the members list, impermanent suspension, censuring, remedial preparation etc.It is rather clear that all the accounting organic structures are seeking hard for discontinueing the services and professional behavior worldwide. For their better and enhanced public presentation, the undermentioned suggestions are deserving observing. They are reconstructing unity for all professional comptrollers this includes keeping downrightness and truthfulness, and maintaining good concern relationships with clients. It is besides crucial to keep objectiveness because it creates an duty on all the professional comptrollers neer to compromise their judgement on the footing of prejudice, struggle, involvements etc.All professional comptrollers should hold professional competency and due attention. This is really much of import for ke eping the professional cognition every bit good as accomplishment at the coveted degrees. Furthermore based on this cognition, the clients and employees should have expert and efficient service. When professional services are provided, it is besides of import to move diligently in conformity with the proficient and professional service.The professional comptrollers should be to the full cognizant of the recent concern developments and proficient alterations taking topographic point across the Earth. They could realize aptly merely if they have the up-to-date cognition. The institutes should besides take necessary stairss to guarantee that the professional comptroller receives proper developing so as to change himself to present expert and satisfying services. It besides of import to do consciousness among the clients that there are built-in restrictions to the services given by the comptroller.Another of import facet that has to be earnestly considered is the construct of confiden tiality. This rule refrains the comptroller from unwraping confidential information outside the house. He should keep secrecy even under societal conditions.The demand of keeping confidentiality should go on even after the dealingss ends with the client. Even when the comptroller changes his profession, the confidentiality should be restored. He can nevertheless unwrap information if the jurisprudence permits him to make so and if the permission is given by the client. Last but non the least, the professional comptrollers should be imposed a codification of professional behaviour to be followed on. This would enable them to follow with different Torahs and processs and avoid any action that would truly discredit their profession ( Professional functions and responsibilitiesof different professional groups 2006 ) ..DecisionProfessional organic structures like ACCA, CPA, AICA, ICAI etc have become planetary accounting organic structures. With the growing of the concern environment, th e demand for effectual and true accounting merchandises and services is on the big. Furthermore the growings of concern have besides resulted in addition of unethical patterns of profiteering. Men and concern are governed by greed entirely now. To get the better of this minatory state of affairs and protect the involvements of investors, authorities and the common adult male universe broad, it is of import to hold a nice jurisprudence and ordinance match with lucidity and honestness. All these institutes can fall in together and achieve these aims.

Territory and borders are increasingly irrelevant in todays global economy

The natural way we imagine the concept of grunge and borders is through a nation realm, since defining one is a bit of a tricky confinement simply for our purposes, a nation state can be defined as one which has a functioning centralised g all overnment put in place that possesses the ability to exercise authority over a distinctive grunge. Unless youre over the age sixty youve only ever known a realness of nation states. Nationhood and empire ease up long been the dominant way weve organized ourselves frugalally, politically and socially or at least the way that other(a) people have organized us, the ottomans to former Soviet Union and the United States are great examples, but the global market exceeds that level of influence or with no fixed borders.The shrinking world concept best describes the globalisation process with regional integration, cocksure increasing transborder flows, put a big question mark on the importance of state reign and territorial borders with to a greater extent Internationalisation taking place. However in the mitts of this global downturn state reign and territorial borders have taken resurgence in importance so liberalisation that took place in the boom years is now being met with serious criticism. Quote by The Economist The world became as tightly linked, economically, as it had ever been. It makes perfect sense that a downturn anywhere would become a downturn everywhere.Previously Borders were becoming less of significant issue in atomic number 63, since the European Union was open back in 1957 with six original members states which now include nineteen more in this economic and political union centralised in Brussels. The ability of free movement of EU citizens between member states plus the easy transfer of goods to trade in 27 economies with lower revenue enhancement are obvious incentives to join, however with the decision making coming from one centralised location by imposing polices that have not been produced and approved by individual states means the ability of those individual representatives have a tougher time in truly representing the interest of their people, this would be more challenging for minority members to proceed a equal say so as more established members.By trying to locomote rid of these barriers contributed unintentionally to internal divisions, resulting in stronger claim of peripheral borders. Events such as the ones which occurred in the Arab world have contributed to an already tense situation with patrols in the Mediterranean built up now titling Europe Fortress Europe. Only the India- Pakistan, the Senkaku Islands conflict and Cambodia-Thailand probably the most blatant incidences of the frequent significance of borders.The contrast do globalisation can have on two different nation states, the tiny Mediterranean state of Monaco smallest country in the world after Vatican City to Ethiopia 27th largest country in the are terminate polar opposites. Monaco being is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The principality also is a major banking center and has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, non-polluting industries. So will argueEthiopias economy on the reliant on agricultural employing eighty five percent of its workforce which suffers from poor farming practices and unfluctuating occurring droughts which is made worst their borders is being compromised by the participation in transnational agency by the personal effects of the enhanced green house effect. So the size of stain is insignificant Monaco knowing already thats its at a disadvantage due to size with no recognised natural resources has narrow down itself into a service based sectors employing 95% of its workforce which has a better compatibility with todays globalized world. A viewpoint which you receive might come from someone with a more nationalistic that says that the significant of territory an d borders are more important to today than at any other period in time, you whitethorn point out the significant GDP and wealth destructions difference between Monaco and Ethiopia as a exculpate winner in the discussion but Monaco role and the activities it plays in the global market place tolerate it quite vulnerable.The dependence on its service sector in areas such as banking and tourism for its economic growth and stability has left it quite vulnerable to a downturn experienced in neighbouring France and other European economies which are the principalitys main trade partners. In 2009, Monacos GDP skin by 11.5% as the euro-zone crisis precipitated a sharp drop in tourism and retail activity and mansion sales. A modest recovery ensued in 2010 with GDP growth of 2.5%, but Monacos economic prospects stop clouded in uncertainty tied to future euro-zone growth. Weak economic growth also has deteriorated usual finances as the principality recorded a budget deficit of 1.9% of GD P in 2010. Ethiopia may not have the same ability to generate has a power presence in gracious history with all three abrahamic faiths origins begin here so more integrated westernized Ethiopia would be a sad lost for mankind so it will come down to what you value.To conclude on the whole, the sovereignty or the ability of nation states to uphold power and influence in its own recognised territory is deteriorating everyday in order to keep their economic stability and a competitive nature since it inevitably to open their markets due to globalisation. But the idea of the nation state has come under some speculative as of late some have actually questioned the nation state of ever being previously completely economically independent as false. Its difficult to finger out an answer but I would say globalisation hasnt weaken the influence of the nation state but characterize under which their off power is executed.

Mass Incarceration in the United Kingdom

our land site SOCIAL SCIENCE DISSERTATION CUSTOM ESSAY WRITING IntroductionThe linked Kingdom has tardily witnessed an increase in the number of prisoners incarcerated. The first surge occurred during Prime Minister Thatchers reign. Running a prison became a business, when the first privately run institution opened in the United Kingdom, in 1992 (Panchamia 2012). The increased need for spaces due to higher rate of imprisonment led to the emergence of the prison-industrial coordination compound, whereby spate were incarcerated without a mechanism for reintegrating them back to the society. Prisons became contracted out, and the influence of the government was reduced. As Panchamia (2012) concludes, ten percent of the prisons in the United Kingdom and Wales atomic number 18 currently contracted out. Davis (1998 3) states bandage government-run prisons are often in gross colza of international human rights standards, private prisons are even less accountable.The emergence o f these prison-industrial complexes is attributed to the criminological theory, hinged on the conflict theory, arguing that t there is a struggle mingled with different groups (Akers 1979 527).Crime is perceived as a function of the conflict indoors any society based on Marxist theory, calmingthat loving and economic situations facilitate criminal activities. This paper argues that the emergence of the prison-industrial complex in England and Wales was attributed to green goddess imprisonment, the lack of effectual social policy, and early interventions. atomic reactor imprisonmentMass incarceration is characterized by the removal of people from communities and taking them to prisons. (Newburn 2002 165). Sparks and McNeill (2009) define mass incarceration as restricting the freedom of a group of people, subjecting them to surveillance and regulation, while increasing their dependency. According to a recent publication by Wacquant (2001), the plain aim of prison complexes and mass incarceration is to segregate people. The beginning goes further, and compares prisons with Ghettos. Focusing in the American context, the article highlights the impact of track separatism on the demographics of prison population. The above argument is sinewy, as both prisons and ghettos are considered to be places extremely seriously to escape from. The main aim of mass incarceration is to remove the criminal from the neighbourhood to ensure that they are detained. Often this priority means that prisoners are denied rehabilitative facilities (Harnett 2011 7). As an implication, prisons become areas for correctional segregation, for the criminals who must be removed from the society. Therefore, most of these prisons are detention centres where people enter a perpetual cycle of incarceration for crimes committed because of their economic need.Davis (1998) states that prisons are not providing adequate solution for crime or social issues. The author goes further, clai ming that prisons reflect that racial bias and social blemish of the society. Studying American prison population, the author states that the governmental economy of prisons relies on racialized assumptions of criminality such as images of black welfare mothers reproducing criminal children and on anti-Semite(a) practices in arrest, conviction, and sentencing patterns (Davis 1998 2). The defining features of mass incarceration are that it is characterized by comparatively high number of people in prisons. In Reagans United States prosecution patterns and conviction rates increased the proportionate pattern of African Americans and Hispanics, as well as those from lower socio-economic statuses (Wacquant 2010, p. 74). This was during the New Deal and Great Society, which contributed a mountain towards the increasing trend of mass incarcerations, and the adoption of the prison-industrial complex system that emphasized governance through punitive acts (Downes 2001, p. 62).At the advent of economic reforms introduced by Britains Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, the rising rate of unemployment hit the running(a) class the most. With the labour market in crisis,urban areas had to bear the burden of the high proportion of lower class and unemployed population. As social issues increased, the government resorted to the creation of a prison-industrial complex, to deal with the people that suffered most (Wehr 2015, p. 6). The new created prison-industrial complex that emphasized mass incarceration was based on cultural bias and social injustice (Sparks and McNeill, 2009). These institutions symbolised thee societys thoughts and prejudice, suggesting that the degradation of a person may be a way to compute the social conflict. As a result, the British society started to increasingly rely on criminological theories to documentation mass incarceration of the lower classes, whereby the prison-industrial complexes become a large enterprise for the stat e.Democracy, Inclusion and Social insurance policyIt is worth noting that mass incarceration in England and Wales led to the economic and social exclusion of people within the prisons. This segregation and incarceration endangered majority rule (Sparks and McNeill, 2009). In line with the conflict criminological theory, mass incarceration of offenders who mostly belong to a particular race or class enhanced the structures of oppression and permit (Van 2007, p. 189). This occurred when mass incarceration gave undue advantage to one group as opposed to another. Today, both in the United States and the United Kingdom, it is unornamented that people of colour or lower classes are disproportionally overrepresented within the prison-industrial complex. turn the mass prison complex created privilege to higher classes, it created a situation whereby the victims were stigmatized, criminalized, and did not enjoy the privileges of democracy and inclusion. The economic and social drivers of mass incarceration are explained by Downes (2006), who confirms that there is an inverse relationship between a states spend on welfare and imprisonment rates.Mass incarceration too hindered democracy by preventing means through which people could share ideas or communication (Young 2000, p. 208). An incarcerated person experience political disempowerment and a lack of influence, power, while he became extremely dependent on the prison complex (Travis 2002, p. 19). Despite several attempts of inclusion, provision for rehabilitation, training, and work opportunities, current social policies have not been successful in reinstating the equal representation of lower classes, and the mass incarceration continues. (Reiman 2004, p. 5).ConclusionThe above review of publications and research studies, it is evident that the conflict theory accurately explains the emergence of mass incarceration during the reign of Thatcher in the United Kingdom, and Reagan in the United States. Histo rically, the upper class, that was more advantaged socially, economically and politically created laws and policies that increasingly criminalized the less powerful, creating a policy of segregation. increase incarceration within the prison-industrial complex removed people who were not wanted. Apart from enhancing exclusion and stifling democracy, it helped the powerful class to maintain its influence, wealth and position within the society.BibliographyAkers, R.L., 1979. Theory and ideology in Marxist criminology. Criminology, 16(4), pp.527-Davis, A. (1998). draped racism Reflections on the prison industrial complex. Color Lines, 1(2), 11-13.Downes, D., 2001. The Macho Penal Economy Mass Incarceration in the United States-AEuropean Perspective. Punishment & Society, 3(1), pp.61-80.Downes, D. (2006). Welfare and punishment The relationship between welfare spending and imprisonment.Hartnett, S. J. 2011. Challenging the prison-industrial complex activism, arts, andeducational alte rnatives. Urbana, University of Illinois Press.Newburn, T. 2002. Atlantic crossings Policy transfer and crime control in the the States andBritain. Punishment & Society, 4(2), pp. 165-194.Panchamia, N., 2012. Competition in prisons. Institute for Government, http//www. Instituteforgovernment. org. uk/sites/default/files/publications/Prisons, 2.Reiman, J. H. 2004. The rich get richer and the poor get prison ideology, class, and criminal justice. Boston, Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.Sparks, R. and McNeill, F., 2009. Incarceration, social control and human rights. THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY Project on SocialControl and Human RightsTravis, J. 2002. Invisible Punishment An Instrument of Social Exclusion (From InvisiblePunishment The Collateral Consequences of Mass Imprisonment, P 15-36, 2002, Marc Mauer and Meda Chesney-Lind, eds.).Van der Linden, H. 2007. Democracy, racism and prisons. Charlottesville, Va, PhilosophyDocumentation Center.Wacquant, L., 2010. Class, race & hyperincarceration in revanchistAmerica. Daedalus, 139(3), pp.74-90.Wacquant, L., 2001. Deadly symbiosis When ghetto and prison meet and mesh. Punishment & Society, 3(1), pp.95-133.Wehr, K. 2015. Beyond the prison industrial complex crime and incarceration in the twenty-firstcentury. Place of publication not identified, Routledge.Young, I. M. 2000. Inclusion and Democracy. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Red Fort Essay

The fifth part Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan shifted his Capital from Agra to Delhi and established ShahJahanabad. He reinforced the Red Fort or the Lal Qila and it served as the jacket of the Mughals till 1857 aft(prenominal) which the last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled. Originally known as Qila-i-Mubarak, the Red Fort was built using red sandstone and is surrounded by a moat on all sides. It has two master(prenominal) gateways The Lahori Gate and the Hathi Gate. The Chatta Chowk is located immediately later the Lahori Gate. It has arcaded apartments on either side that serve as shops. keep going in Shah Jahans time, these shops provided the rich households with silk, brocades, velvets, gold, silver, gems and Jewelry. The Red Fort often imparts a sense of National pride. On the 15th of August, 1947, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, delivered his renowned speech Tryst With Destiny and hoisted the tricolour flag. Every Independence day, the incumbent bang Minister delivers a speech from the Red Fort. Ever since, the Red Fort has come to symbolise Indias struggle for freedom. The Swatantra Sangram Museum located inside the Red Fort provides the visitors with a glimpse of our Independence struggle.Diwan-l-Aam literally translates into the third house Of Public Audience. This was the place where emperor Shah Jahan recieved the general public and heard their grievances. It had a courtyard which was in the beginning surrounded by arcaded apartments used by Umaras or chiefs on duty. In the midsection of the eastern bulwark, stands a marble canopy under which was placed the emperors throne. Behind the canopy, the wall is decorated with sightly panels nlaid with multicoloured stones said to have been executed by a Florentine Jeweller.The Hammam or the Royal clean was the favourite resort of the Mughal Emperors. It consisted of three main apartments separated by corridors. The two rooms on either side are believed to have been used by the children. The ap artment on the river side was a get dressed room, containing two fountain basins with one for rose weewee spray. The western chamber was used for scorching or steam bath. The baths consisted of a complex water system with miniature tanks sunk Into the wall with a series of pipes. Rang Mahal was the Palace Of Colours.It consisted of a large hall, originally painted on the Interior from which It derives Its name. Through the boil down along Its length flowed the channel known as Nahr-l-Blhlsht. Nahr-l-Blhlsht or the Canal of Paradise was an Important receive of the fort In providing a continuous supply of water distributed throughout the gardens and Interiors and served Ilke alr conditioners. Mumtaz Mahal Is named after Shah Jahans devout Queen Mumtaz. It Is situated at the southern end of the row of royal palaces along the eastern wall with the Nahar-l-Blhlsht flowing through It. It was used as a military prison by the British after the revolt of 1857 owing to which Its origin al appearance has been altered. The Red Fort Imbibes the splrlt of the Mughal age and Is a llvlng legacy of Indias Golden Times and serves as an embodiment of our enchanting heritage. The colossal fort combined with Its exquisite computer architecture manage to pep up the feel of the Mughal period. Even more than 300 years after Its construction, It continues to symbolise the bum of power. By Raghavi96 and established Shahahanabad.He built the Red Fort or the Lal Qila and it served as complex water system with miniature tanks sunk into the wall with a series of pipes. on the interior from which it derives its name. Through the centre along its length flowed the channel known as Nahr-i-Bihisht. Nahr-i-Bihisht or the Canal of Paradise was an important have of the fort in providing a continuous supply of water distributed throughout the gardens and interiors and served like air conditioners. Mumtaz Mahal is named after Shah Jahans beloved Queen Mumtaz.It is situated at the souther n end of the row of royal palaces along the eastern wall with the Nahar-i- Bihisht flowing through it. It was used as a military prison by the British after the revolt of 1857 owing to which its original appearance has been altered. The Red Fort imbibes the spirit of the Mughal Era and is a living legacy of Indias Golden Times with its exquisite architecture manage to recreate the feel of the Mughal period.

The Importance of Play and the Cognitive Development of Children

The Importance of bidding and the Cognitive Development of Children Marlene rapture M. Cepeda Western Governors University Abstract The focus on schoolman success and exalted assessment scores has lead many an another(prenominal)(prenominal) an(prenominal) educators and administrators to perceive figure protrude as an fiddling part of a childs training. b arly consort does lay a good groundwork developmentally for children. Through severally different types of adopt, a child develops the necessary skills in commit to succeed. When children atomic number 18 given opportunities to play, they develop the connections and experiences they will use to suspensor them succeed donnishally.Since the nary(prenominal)Child Left Behind Act was created in 2001, schools have shifted their focus onto academics and achieving high scores for standardized tests. This focus on academics has led many administrators and parents to perceive play as unimportant for children ages abide and five geezerhood old. Even though play may seem unimportant to those extraneous early childhood teaching, it creates a solid foundation for the childs cognitive development and rising academic success. In 2001, the United States Senate and House of Representatives passed the No Child Left Behind Act that would qualifying the way schools addressed academics.Schools had to focus on ensuring all students were able to perform and were meeting the state academic standards. Kysilka (2003) wrote the purpose of the No Child Left Behind Act was to hold schools, local educational agencies and States responsible for improving the academic achievement of all students and identifying and turning around low-performing schools that have failed to provide a high-quality education to their students, while providing alternatives to students in such schools to enable the students to receive a high-quality education (Kysilka, 2003, p. 00). Since schools and administrators are being held to a standard, parents are looking at these scores to see if the child succeeds or fails. The focus shifting primarily on academics means the clip for play is cut short during school hours if not completely removed. much recently, due to state and national emphasis on proficiency text performance, even the small segments of favorable pretend play time that have been allowed (if not encouraged) in school, such as kindergarten choice time and recess breaks are disappearing (Bergen, 2002).Bergen (2002) writes the press for academic readiness done concentrated and direct article of faith of alphabet, number, color, and other skills is now affecting the amount of time allocated for play in preschools (Bergen, 2002, Challenges and Policy Directions suggested by new-fangled Research, para. 1). Kindergarten classes now are focused on ensuring their students are prepared academically. Instead of allowing the child to develop naturally, schools are now primarily emphasizing on the academics. Kindergarten students are no longer being taught the basics, like the alphabets, colors, or numbers.Kindergarten students are now taught to read simple words and do more reading and writing in class. Three- and four-year-olds are now expected to engage in far more early writing and reading activities than ever before (Almon, n. d). Kindergarten programs in the U. S. focus so strongly on teaching literacy, numeracy, and other academic subjects that many children no longer have time to play in kindergarten (Almon, n. d. ). put to work time has work unimportant in the schools. Educational psychologist Anthony Pellegrini writes for many children, the opportunities for such freely chosen play are narrow (as cited in Bergen, 2009, p. 28). Pellegini continues much of their play time at home has been disjointed to music, dance, or other lessons participations on sports teams (using adult defined rules) and afterschool homework or test preparation. At the same time, many schools especia lly those considered to be poor performers, have reduced or eliminated recess (as cited in Bergen, 2009, p. 428). In the first 5 eld of a childs life, play is crucial for development more so than ensuring that the child understands the first principle or the colors. Children develop problem solving skills when faced with a challenge in a indorse or with the object they are playing with.Children must think about what to do in order to overcome a particular obstacle or challenge. In the process children also use wording skills to voice out frustrations, concerns, or questions to help them understand the situation they are experiencing. In 2006, the American honorary society of Pediatrics stated free and un social organisationd play is healthy and, in fact, essential for helping children slay important social, emotional, cognitive developmental milestones as well as helping them manage stress and manufacture resilient (as cited in Warner, 2009 p. 1).The Zero to Three Organization (2004) writes children are naturally curious beings who are prompt to make sense of the world around them. The brain is the solely organ that is not fully make at birth (Zero to Three Organization, 2004). The Zero to Three Organization (2004) also states during the first 3 years, trillions of connections amongst brain cells are being made (Zero to Three Organization, 2004). A childs relationships and experiences during the early years greatly influence how her brain spring ups. Since children are still developing before age 5, it is imperative that they are allowed to develop naturally.Allowing children to experience play early will help them form those experiences and connections and lay that basic foundation before they begin school. While play may not be regarded as important as the academics to succeed, it plays a vital role in the cognitive development of children. Jean Piaget developed a guess about the cognitive development of young children. Piaget understood done his own observation that children learn system of logic and reasoning through manipulation of their environment (Dodge, Colker, Heroman, & Bickart, 2009).Children manipulate the environment through play. Through play, children learn thought process and problem solving skills and understand how the world around them works. Sara Smilansky had created categories of play and described the skills children were learning through each type of play. Smilansky distinguishes four types of play operating(a), constructive, dramatic or pretend play, and games with rules (Dodge, Colker, Heroman & Bickart, 2009). When children are actively exploring their world, using their senses and their bodies, this would be described as functional play.This particular play begins when children are babies and are learning about their world. It is during functional play children begin to make those connections of memories to objects in the present. For example when a baby has learned to hold a rattle, they in tur n continue to do this action for every other object they can grab. serviceable play is a form of play in which children use their sense and muscles to experiment with materials and learn how things go together (Dodge, Colker, Heroman & Bickart, 2009). As children grow and develop so does the basic understanding of how things work in the world.Children institute upon the skills already learned and find they can create and build new things. These skills are developed through constructive play. Children learn how certain objects fit together through organizing objects, stacking objects, or simply creating something new with those objects. Allen and Marotz describes the cognitive process includes mental activities such as discovering, interpreting, sorting, classifying, and remembering. All interactions that children experience during their daily activities contribute to their cognitive development (as cited in Guam Early Learning Guidelines, 2005, p. 21).Children, ages one year and o lder, are very observant and can assume the things they see in the world around them. Using their imagination, children place themselves in different settings, like the rectifys office, or a school, or even the house. Rubin describes role enactment is the highest form of symbolic play (as cited in Umek & Musek, 2001 p. 56). How children use imagination is often based on past experiences. According to Piaget, assimilation is when children obtain in new knowledge to their own schemas and accommodation is when children have to change their schemas to accommodate the new culture or knowledge.This adjustment process chokes when learning, as one is processing new information to fit into what is already in ones memory (as cited in Powell & Kalina, 2009, p. 3). This play called dramatic play can occur when the child is by themselves or with other children. In dramatic play children typically take on a role, pretend to be someone else, and use real or pretend objects to play out a role (Dodge, Colker, Heroman & Bickart, 2009). Children, ages three to four years old, begin to understand certain things have to be done a certain way.They learn that there are rules and guidelines that must be followed not only for reasons of safety, but the safety and well-being of others. This lesson can be taught to children, ages three to four years old, through games with rules. rough games require lots of movement and lots of room dodge ball, kickball, musical chairs. Some games can be played on tables with a small number of people bingo, Uno, go fish. Through this type of play, children not only use their muscles, both big and small, but they learn to communicate with their friends or teammate in the game.Children also learn to respect the others when it is their turn and learn to follow the rules. This type of play requires the children to use many of senses, teach them to play well with others, and respect everyone who is playing the game. There are two broad types of games w ith rules-table games and fleshly or movement games. Both require children to control their behavior, both physically and verbally, to conform to a structure or preset rules (Dodge, Colker, Heroman & Bickart, 2009). When children are not given the opportunity to play, they may not learn many of skills that are associated with play.Gould had written humans, as specialists in non-specialisation, have survived not through rigid and narrow ship canal of behaving, but through adaptive qualities of quirkiness, flexibility, and unpredictability and sloppiness. These are the essence of play (as cited in Lester, 2010 p. 16). The ability for children to play is tied to the ability to being creative and imaginative. The skills of being creative and imaginative can be lost or forgotten if children are not able to exercise these skills. Almon (n. d. writes given the importance of play for childrens physical, social, emotional, and mental development, the demise of play will certainly have seri ous consequences during childhood and throughout childrens lives (Almon, n. d. ). Almon (n. d. ) explains indeed, there is growing concern about what kind of society we are creating if a generation of children grow up without play and the creative thinking that emerges from play (Almon, n. d. ). To many outside the early childhood education, play may seem unimportant.Laying the basic foundation for success, play is an integral part of a childs growth. Children gain many benefits through play. Not only do the children develop social skills through interactions with other children, but they continue to develop their thinking and problem solving skills. The manipulation of the world around them through play helps create those lasting memories and allows for connections of the past experiences to be tied to the experiences of the present. References Almon, J. (n. d. ). The Vital Role of Play in Childhood. Retrieved from http//www. aldorfearlychildhood. org/article. asp? id=5 Bergen, D. & Fromberg, D. P. (2009). Play and Social Interaction in Middle Childhood. Phi Delta Kappan, 90(6), 426-430. Bergen, D. (2002). The Role of Pretend Play in Childrens Cognitive Development. Supplemental material. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 4(1) Retrieved from http//ecrp. uiuc. edu/v4n1/bergen. html Dodge, D. T. , Colker, L. J. , Heroman, C. , & Bickart, T. S. (2009). The Creative Curriculum for Preschool. (4th ed. ). Washington, D. C. dogma Strategies, Inc. Early Childhood Care & Education Committee. 2005). Guam early learning guidelines for young children ages three to five. Mangilao, Guam The Guam Department of popular Health & Social Services. Kysilka, M. L. (2003). NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND. Curriculum & Teaching Dialogue, 5(2), 99-104. Lester. S. (n. d. ). Childrens Right to Play An examination of the importance of play in the lives of children worldwide. Working papers in early childhood development, No. 57. Bernard Van Leer Foundation. Power, K. C. , & Kalina, C. J. (2 009). Cognitive and Social Constructivism Developing tools for and effective classroom.Education, 130(2), 241-250. Umek. L. , & Musek, P. (2001) Symbolic Play opportunities for cognitive and quarrel development in preschool settings. Early Years Journal of International Research & Development, 21(1), 55-64. Doi10. 1080/09575140020022689 Warner, L. (n. d. ). Youre It Thoughts on Play and Learning in Schools. Horace, 24(n2) Zero to Three Organization. (2004). Getting ready for school begins at birth Brochure. Retrieved from http//www. zerotothree. org/child-development/social-emotional-development/gettingreadyforschoolbeginsatbirth. pdf