Appropriateness Of Ones Behaviour Psychology Essay

Appropriateness Of Ones Behaviour Psychology contributevassIn this chapter the inquiry methodology apply in the carry is depict. The arrangement/ geographical ara where the larn was conducted, the schooling bearing and the tribe and type ar described. The legal documents utilize to cod the selective information, including methods implemented to maintain harshness and reliability of the instrument are described.RESEARCH DESIGN AND APPROACHBoth quantifiable and qualitative admissiones were adopted. harmonise to Burns and woodlet (1993), numerical look is asystematic, formal, and object lens process employ to test and describe relationships. valued burn up is used to determineeffect and cause interactions among different changeables. qualitative research design on the former(a) hand is a subjective and systematic approach effectual in describing life experiences and giving them meaning. Qualitative approach is vital in in-depth exploration that helps to gain insight, complexity and richness in the inherent phenomenon.Due to the incontr overtible nature of the research, this subscribe adopted a deductive approach (Sa chthonians et al, 2007). This approach represents the most common view of the relationship between opening and research, and results gotten from this approach are developed by logical reasoning (Bryman and Bell, 2007). The info findings were compared against be literature to ascertain if they concur with what has already been published in the domain of online enlisting.Surveys were standardizedly used for exploratory,descriptive and explanatory research.A descriptive survey design was used. According to Mouton (1996), a survey is used to collect original entropy for describing a creationthat is too large to observe directly. A survey helps to notice information from a macrocosm ideal bymeans of self-report. Survey design whole toldows the respondents and the type population to respond to a series of integr ated and well-designed marvels posed by the tec (PolitHungler 1993). In this study the information was self-possessed through discourses, and organize questionnairesadministered to the subjects by the detective.A descriptive survey was selected because it provides an accurate representation or comment of the various elements and characteristicsthese would include much(prenominal) examples asbehaviour, abilities,opinions,knowledge, and beliefs of a geticular situation, mortal,or group. This design was chosen to meet the documentarys of the study.ACCESS AND RESEARCH SETTINGThe ability to collaborate primary entropy during this study was dependent on gaining access to an enchant source in spite of appearance the organization. The level to which this source is appropriate relies on the research question, equald objectives and research designs (Saunders et al, 2007). thence, the police detective, as a friend of an employee at heart the organization, was in a favourable position to get access within the organization.The researcher contacted his friend who as per the research duration was working within ammonia alum recruitment at Lloyds TSB. The researcher together with the friend discussed the prospects of the dissertation. The friend spoke to several of her colleagues on behalf of the researcher and they consented and allowed the researcher to conduct telephone interviews with intravenous feeding (4) members of the graduate recruitment team, some of which had been thither for an average of 5 10 old age (reasons expatiated further in this chapter). Due to the non-intrusive nature of the research, there were no objections or limitations raised(a) by the participants with regards to the questions asked or the purpose of the study.DATA dispositionSampling MethodBased on the research objectives and the issues to be investigated, it would strike been most appropriate if all recruitment lags within the organization were interviewed. However, cod to the time constraints and resource limitations inherent in this study, a non-probability sample of the population was selected. Saunders et al (2007) asserts that a non-probability sample is most often used when adopting a display case study strategy. According to Oppenheim(2000), a non-probability sample refers to a sample in which the probability of for each one case existence selected from the total population is not kn admit.The samples of graduates that were chosen to partake in the quantitative study are too small to arrive at a probability sample of graduates within London or United Kingdom (UK). Also, the number of employees within Lloyds who took part in the qualitative study was not gamy enough to constitute a significant portion of the recruitment department within Lloyds TSB. therefore the study focused much on the quantitative facts of the perception of recruitment within the organization, as opposed to theories expressed in the literature review, and what graduates on the outside thought of online recruitment.Primary Data showIn assemblage entropy that could be analysed use quantitative means, Easterby-Smith et al (2008) claims that researchers could collect either primary or secondary data. He further claims that though each of these means constitute their merits and demerits, the prayer of ones own data gives control over the structure of the sample and the data obtained from each respondent. It also gives greater self-reliance that the data tranquil would match the research objectives.The researcher therefore chose to collect primary data from 20 graduates using questionnaires distri provideded-in-person to each respondent. This was done amongst friends and colleagues within the university who cast off use online recruitment systems. Data from the semi-structured interviews were collected using a tape recorder, and the conversations with all four employees would be transcribed word for word, and convention for expre ssion. The advantages inherent in this approach is that it allows the researcher to document and see var.s in words and emotions that would not be available if other(a) forms of interviews were conducted.Data Collection InstrumentQuestionnaires and Interviews were chosen as data collection instruments. A questionnaire is a printed self-report form designed to elicit information that can be obtained through the written responses of the subjects. Theinformation obtained through a questionnaire is similar to that obtained by an interview, but the questionstend to train slight depth (Burns Grove, 1993).Data would be collected with the aid of questionnaires to measure out the sample populations knowledgeand views on research objectives. Questionnaires were decided upon because of the followingThey ensured a high response rate as the questionnaires were distributed to respondents to freeand were collected personally by the researcher.They postulate less time and energy to administ er.They offered the possibility of anonymity because subjects names were not be required on the thoroughgoing(a)dquestionnairesThere was less opportunity for prejudice as they were presented in a consistent manner.Most of the items in the questionnaires were closed, which make it easier to compare the responses toeach itemApart from the advantages that piss been listed above, questionnaires have their weaknesses forexample, there is the question of validity and accuracy (Burns Grove, 1993). The subjects might notreflect their true opinions but might response what they think will please the researcher, and valuableinformation whitethorn be lost as answers are usually brief.To counter the weaknesses of the questionnaires in data collection, interviews were used to elicit validity and accuracy. The researcher interviewed the selected staff based on the duties and responsibilities of the staff in the organization. The questionnaires consisted mostly of closed-ended questionsand a few open-ended questions, as these provide more(prenominal) versatile detail.In the open-ended questions, thesubjects were required to respond in writing, whereas closed-ended questions had options which weredetermined by the researcher (Burns Grove, 1993). Open-ended questions were included becausethey allow subjects to respond to questions in their own words and provide more detail. Closed-endedquestions were included because they are easier to administer and to analyze. They are also more efficientin the sense that a respondent is able to complete more closed-ended items than open-ended items in agiven period of time (PolitHungler, 1993).The respondentswere given the assumption that the answers would never be able to link theirresponses to them at the stage of data abstract, therefore ensuring anonymity.RESEARCH STRATEGYThis study adopted a case study strategy in answering the research question. Robson (2002) asserts that the case study strategy would be useful if the aim of the study is to gain a rich understanding of the research perspective and the process being endorsed. Therefore as this study aims to understand the recruitment process within Lloyds TSB and also any benefits associated with online recruitment, a case study would be most effective. 2 separate yet parallel approaches were utilized in this study, and are describe in the table 1 at a lower place. gameboard 1 Research dodgeSTRATEGYAIMSAMPLETYPE OF QUESTIONSMETHOD OF ANALYSISQuantitative questionnaireQuantify graduates perception of what constitutes an effective recruitment platform10 graduates who have applied to one or more organizations through their online system.Closed grade scale questions, and nominal data.Descriptive analysis (bar chart, pie chart and line charts).Qualitative semi-structured interviewsThis was done in order to ascertain the benefits associated with online recruitment.4 members of the recruitment staff within Lloyds TSB, who have been in the organization for m ore than 5 yearsStructured questionnaires. Open questionsContent analysisQuantitative QuestionnaireQuantitative methods are mainly used in the data collection process of research. It involves data that is either in the form of, or expressed as number (Easterby-Smith et al, 2008). The quantitative questionnaires were handed out to 10 graduates and undergraduates. The questionnaire was mainly designed with pass judgment scale questions, where respondents were asked to state their opinion or preference for a contingent question on a scale of 1 5. Secondary nominal data was also included in order to ascertain the respondents status, industry activity and preference. The quantitative questionnaire distributed to respondents is outlined in appendix. Quantitative questionnaires are useful as the results derived are quantifiable and measurable against other variables in an objective manner (Saunders et al, 2007).Qualitative Semi Structured InterviewsFollowing the access set aside to f our members of the recruitment team within the organization, 15 20 endorsement qualitative telephone interviews were carried out. A semi-structured interview is a qualitative interview that is defined by a pre-set question guide. It aims to provide in-depth findings through free-and-easy discussions with participants (Collis and Hussey, 2003). This interview method was chosen over unstructured or structured interviews, because this study intends to answer the research questions by asking specific questions, but not so much (unstructured) that it generates useless data, and not so less (structured) so as not to miss out on any unanticipated information.The interview questions in the semi-structured interview are in appendix. The themes utilized in this study were derived mainly from the literature review and were crucial in developing the questions that were raised during the study. The semi-structured approach also provided the researcher with the ability to analyze answers. Ans wer probing was particularly useful in responses whereby more explanation was needed in order to fully understand the answers. Due to the fresh adaptation of online recruitment, the semi structured interviews was targeted at members of the team who had witnessed or score the shift towards online recruitment, that way these respondents would be better able to answer questions that relate to the comparison of both methods.Also, members of the online recruitment team being interviewed had different positions within recruitment and handled separate tasks. The questionnaires were given to them beforehand, when the approval was first sought, and each respondent chose the questions that they were more qualified to respond to. Therefore the research was such that all respondents answered some questions, while some others were answered by a particular individual because of their knowledge of that process. Table 2 outlines the respondent details and their interview theme.Table 2 Interview Respondents and Questions askedRespondentFictional NameRolelong time in LloydsSubjects CoveredR1AliceGraduate Events Manager2Effectiveness, DisadvantagesR2MarthaApplication check7Background, Adoption, Effectiveness, DisadvantagesR3NickFinance and Budgeting9Adoption, Effectiveness, EfficiencyR4ChloeMedia Advertisement3Effectiveness, AdvertisementEach respondent were asked for their consent to interview, prior to the interview sessions, and also requested not to have their names mentioned so as to obstruct any form of organizational backlash if the contents of the study were understand in any other non-academic form, and distributed. They have therefore been given assumed names, so as to make the research more readable.RELIABILITY AND severenessReliabilityPolit and Hungler (1993) refer to reliability as the mark of consistency with which an instrument measures the attribute it is designed to measure. The data collection techniques administered to the sample population was used t o revealconsistency in responses. Reliability was ensured by minimizing sources of measurement error akin data collector bias. Data collector bias was minimized by the researchers being the only one who administered the data collection techniques, and standardizing conditions such as exhibiting similar personal attributes to all respondents, for example friendliness and support.The physical and psychological milieu where data was collected was made comfortable by ensuringprivacy, confidentiality and general physical comfort.The subjects wereat their convenient and comfortable venues including free and fresh air circulations. Theresearcher remained in the locality with the subjects. Conditions were considered tomaintain privacy and prevent interruptions. Subjects were requested not to write their names on the data collection instruments to ensure confidentiality.ValidityThe validity of an instrument is the degree to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure(Poli tHungler, 1993). Content validity refers to the extent to which an instrument represents thefactors under study. To achieve content validity, the instruments used included a variety of questions on theknowledge of correspondents closely the research topic, objectives and questions.Questions were based on the information gathered during the literature review to ensure that they wererepresentative of what correspondentscould know about the research topic. Content validity was further ensured by consistency in administering the instruments of data collection. every instruments were administered to the subjects by the researcher personally. The questions were formulated in simple language for clarity andease of understanding. wee-wee instructions were given to the subjects and the researcher was readily available to answer questions raised by the correspondents in the course of responding to the research questions.The subjects were requested to complete the questionnaires and respond to the questions in the presence of the researcher. This was done to preventsubjects from giving questionnaires to other people to complete on their behalf. For validation, thequestionnaires were submitted to the research supervisor for review. As a result questions were full-strength to ensure higher representativeness. Rephrasing of some questions were done to clarify thequestions and more appropriate alternative response choices were added to the closed-ended questions toprovide for meaningful data analysis (Burns Grove, 1993). out-of-door validity was ensured. Burns and Grove (1993) refer to external validity as the extent to whichstudy findings can be generalized beyond the sample used. All the persons approached to participate in thestudycompleted the questionnaires. No single person who was approached refused to participate.Generalizing the findings to all members of the population was thereforejustified.Seeking subjects who are willing to participate in a study can be dif ficult, particularly if the study requiresextensive amounts of time or other types of enthronization by subjects. If the number of the personsapproached to participate in a study disdains, generalising the findings to all members of a population is not easy to justify. The study was well be after to limit the investment demands on subjects in order toincrease participation.As the share of those who decline to take part in the study increases, external validity decreases (Burns Grove 1993270).PRE-TESTING THE QUESTIONNAIREA pre-test refers to a trial administration of an instrument to identify flaws. When a questionnaire or an interview schedule is used asa data gathering instrument, it is prerequisite to determine whether the questions and directions are clear tosubjects and whether they understand what is required from them. This is referred to as the pre scrutiny of aquestionnaire (PolitHungler 199538, 711).The researcher was able to pre-test the questionnaires and the interv iew schedules to ensure that the instruments meet the set criteria.All of the samples approached to pre-test the instruments were asked to answer the questions and needful changes made based on the findings of the pre-test.ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONSBlumberg, et al (2005) describes ethics as referring to the appropriateness of ones behaviour in relation to the rights of those who become the subject of a research project. A number of ethical issues have been identified and raised with respect to this study. The issues and steps taken to mitigate such issues are discussed belowThe company may be secretive about some aspects of its online recruitment, such as the quantity of graduates and marketing techniques to attract graduates, which it may not like its competitors to know about.Employees responding to semi structured interviews may not be so willing to discuss their personal opinion of the affirms recruitment system, or the tonus of graduates received through their channels, in case their response does not real conform to the brand and reputation that the organization is trying to build (for instance, the bank may pose as an equal opportunity organization that employs from diverse backgrounds, whereas they mostly only recruit students from top Oxbridge universities with a certain background). schooling such as this could pose difficulties if the bank eventually decides to broaden its kitten of candidates and employ people from varying backgrounds.Apart from these ethical conditions, no other ethical dilemmas have been found with relation to this research. Therefore, in order to alleviate these issues, the questionnaire and interviews were designed in such a way that it does not offend, harm, offend or stress any of the participants in any way. Questions asked would be non-intrusive as no personal information about names age or post would be requested. Information about specific applicant whole tone and demographics of applicants recruitment would not be sought.Also, in terms of graduate questionnaires that have been distributed, some candidates may think that answering these questions and including personal details may impede or even benefit them when applying to said organizations. Therefore the questionnaires would fully state that it is an academic research and in no way constitutes a study conducted by the organization.Integrity, honesty, expertise and diligence are key ingredients in conducting of research. This isuseful to protect and recognise the ethics and human rights of the respondents. The key ethical consideration observed in this study included anonymity, cognizant consent, confidentiality and rights to self-determination. Written licence and respondents consent were obtained prior before the respondents responded to the research instruments. Burns and Grove (1993)define certified consent as the prospective respondents agreement to participate voluntarily in a study, whichis reached after assimilation of essential information about the study. The subjects were informed of theirrights to voluntarily consent or decline to participate, and to withdraw participation at any time withoutpenalty.Subjects were informed about the purpose of the study the procedures used to collect thedata, and assured that there were no potential risks or cost involved.Anonymity and confidentiality were observed and maintained throughout the study. Burns and Grove (1993) defineanonymity as when subjects cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his or her individual responses. In this study anonymity was ensured by not disclosing the respondents name on the data collection instruments, research reports and detaching the written consent from the questionnaire.In this study, confidentiality was maintained by keeping the collected data confidential and not revealing the subjects identities whenreporting the study (Burns Grove 1993). No identifying information was entered onto the data collection instruments, and th e instrumentswere only numbered after data had been collected (PolitHungler1995139).The ethical principle of self-determination was also maintained. Subjects were treated as autonomousagents by informing them about the study and allowing them to voluntarily choose to participate or not.Lastly, information was provided about the researcher in the event of further questions or complaints.Scientific honesty is regarded as a very important ethical function when conducting research.Dishonest conduct includes manipulation of design and methods, and retention or manipulation of data(Brink 1996). The researcher tried to avoid any form of dishonesty by preserve truthfully the answers given during interviews.The researcher was with integrity of heart and sincerity produced the results with the necessity supervision to avoid subjective collaboration. Theopen-ended questions which were beanalysed by the researcher were also check by the supervisor forconfirmation of credibility.ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH FINDINGSQuantitative DataThe quantitative data collected during the course of this study, whilst still in its raw form, is described by Saunders et al (2007) as being useless and conveying pocketable information to most people. Universites, which are total sample distributions of one variable at a time (Oppenheim, 2005) was utilised in analysing the frequency and percentage occurrence of each variable including both ordinal and nominal, category and rank scale questions. However, an in-depth correlation or bivariate analysis was not conducted collectible to the low number of graduate respondents, and also due to the fact that the study was mainly concerned with the viewpoint of the organization, and not necessarily that of the graduates. Results would be analysed using Excel and graphs would be drawn out to analyse all data with the aim of comparing them to the qualitative study.Qualitative DataYin (2002) suggests that in studies whereby the research question has been fo rmulated based on the literature review these theories that have been used in the postulation of the research question could also be used in analysing the findings. Thereby, suggesting that a deductive approach to data analysis would be essential for theoretical driven studies.Based on these arguments, this study analysed the qualitative findings using deductive methods. The findings from each respondent and questionnaire theme were analysed jibe to the literature review topics discussed. In the instance whereby different respondents had something to say about a particular issue, all their opinions were recorded and taking into consideration in the analysis of findings. A fact sheet of all findings according to the theory is illustrated in chapter 4. Full transcripts of the interview are in the appendix.The pattern unified procedure, as postulated by Saunders et al, (2007)were utilized in this deductive analysis. It involves predicting a pattern of outcomes based on theoretical pr opositions. These propositions are thereby analysed in the data analysis process. This procedure involves the development of an analytical framework, utilizing existing theory, and then testing the adequacies of the framework as a means of explaining the findings (Saunders et al, 2007). In the instance where a pattern is found as initially predicted, it would be evidence that suggests that there is indeed an explanation for findings.

Phonetics in learning English

Phonetics in learning faceIntroductionThe nerve center of phonetic is to post the characteristics of the sounds which human begins plunder social occasion in voice communication. Sounds can baseally be divided into ii types vowel sounds and amenables. Vowels atomic number 18 produced by change the shape of the strain tract by positioning of the patois and lips. Consonants argon sounds which be produced by the partial or complete construction of the vocal tract.The imprint of how your m come forthh looks when you say sounds. (Sharon Widmayer and Holly Gray) image of articulatorsYour lips, teeth, tongue, nose, and roof of your verbalize atomic number 18 all important for pronunciation. The epig herdtis is also important. That is the thing that you use to hold your breathing time and to swallow. It closes your windpipe so the air cannot come out.The components of teaching the sound of slope1. VowelsVowels argon usually described by type to five criteria, and these atomic number 18 adequate as a basic fountainhead of reference, although some vowel sound require more specifi roveionthe height reached by the highest distributor point of the tongue (high, mid, low) ,the part of the tongue which is raised (front, center, hold),the shape form by the lips (unrounded or spread, rounded)the position of the soft roof of the mouth for oral vowels, lowered for adenoidal vowels,the duration of the vowel (short, long) rough Generalizations (Not Rules) about slope vowels and spellingEnglish vowels rent long and short forms.The long form is the name of the garner The short form is as followsLong vowels ar usually (but not always) indicated by a second (silent) vowel in the same syllable short-change vowels usually stand alone in spite of appearance a syllable and be a lot followed by double consonants2. Consonant soundsConsonant sounds have three basic features in their articulation place of articulation, manager of articulation, and voicing.Co nsonants produce sounds that atomic number 18 more consistent and easier to identify than vowels. Therefore, they make a good starting point for learning to read.Initially, work should be done on identifying beginning consonant sounds (ex t-t-t tulip).After that, activities can focus on identifying final consonant sounds (ex cat ends with the t-t-t sound)When children learn to recognize the sounds of consonants at the beginning and end positions of reciprocations, they gain the superpower to look at a word and make a apt guess as to what it might be. Viewing the word in the condition of a picture pass on help reinforce this skill.(for congresswoman, a picture of a dog with the word DOG underneath. The ability to sound out the D and G letters will help the child identify that the word is DOG, not puppy or dalmation)The ideas and activities presented in this section will help children develop the following skillsidentifying beginning consonant soundsdistinguishing betwixt two or more beginning consonant soundsidentifying ending consonant soundsdistinguishing between two or more ending consonantschoosing words that have a particular beginning or ending consonantThe following plat shows the names of the various parts of the mouth involved in the ware of English consonantsA = penurious cavityB = dental extendC = hard palateD = soft palate or head coveringE = lips and teethF = tongue 1 tip 2 blade 3 bodyG = uvulaH = larynx and vocal cordsvFor each consonant, two parts of the mouth are involved, and the name given to it reflects this. Starting from the front, some consonants are made use both lips try saying /p/ /b/ /w/ and /m/ and these are called bilabial consonants (bilabial = two lips)Now try /f/ and /v/. This time its the bottom lip and top teeth which are involved. These are labio alveolar consonants (labio = lip, dental = teeth).For nearly all the other consonants, the tongue will move with another(prenominal) part of the mouth. The name of the consonant doesnt include a reference to the tongue however, just the point of the mouth which it meets. So for instance, sounds made by an interaction between the tongue and the teeth are just called dental sounds. These are /t/, /d/ and the voiced and unuttered th sounds / / as in this and // as in thick .If you run your tongue back behind your teeth, you come to a bony rooftree called the alveolar ridge. some(prenominal) sounds are made on or just behind the ridge /s/ /z/ /t/ /d/ /n/ /r/ and /l/Moving back from the alveolar ridge you come to a alike hard but smoother zone the hard palate. /j/ as in yellow is a palatal sound, are as the highlighted consonants in the words sheep, measure, cheap and jeep. There is also a palatal strain of the /r/ consonant. If you found it strange that it was classed before as alveolar, you may have been saying the palatal version.Notice that there is now a deviance in the way the tongue is used. For the dental and alveolar sounds, it was the tip of the tongue which was involved. For palatal sounds, however, its the blade of the tongue, and as we move further back to the velum (the soft part of the palate, closest to the throat) its the back, or body, of the tongue. The velar sounds are /g/ and /k/ and the final consonants in sing and in bottle oftentimes called the dark l.This leaves only the consonant /h/ which is produced by air go across from the windpipe through the vocal cords, or glottis. Its therefore a glottal sound.Place of Articulation tells us where the consonants are produced, but we also accept to consider Manner of Articulation how they are produced. The most important categories arePlosives Plosive sounds (also called stop sounds) are formed by the air creation completely blocked in the mouth and thus suddenly released. For example, /k/ and /g/ are formed when the back of the tongue rises to the velum and momentarily blocks the air. These are therefore velar plosives. The other plosive consona nts of English are the bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/ and the alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/. Some varieties of English London English for example also include a glottal stop which substitutes for the /t/ consonant between vowels. Imagine a London pronunciation of butter, for example.Fricatives Fricatives are formed when the two parts of the mouth approach each other closely, not completely blocking the career of the air, but forcing it through a confined space. The air molecules start to coke against each other causing audible friction. Try the palatal soft the sh sound. You can feel your tongue up close to the alveolar ridge and the air passing through the small space left. The full nominate of English fricatives is labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/ dental fricatives the two th sounds alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/ palatal fricatives // as in in sheep and // as in measure and the glottal fricative /h/.Affricates Affricates are really a plosive and a fricative combined. The air is initially blocked, and then released through a narrow passageway like a fricative. English has two affricates, the initial sounds in cheap and jeep / / and //. These are usually classed as palato-alveolar affricates, as theyre made in a position half way between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate.Nasals when a nasal sound is produced, the air is pr in timeted from going out through the mouth and is preferably released through the nose. There are three English nasals the bilabial nasals /m/ and /n/ and the velar nasal // the final consonant in sing.Approximant Approximants are a bit of a hotch-potch category, and contain some of the most gnarly sounds in English. Well look at them in detail another time, but for now will classify them together as sounds produced when the washables moves around the tongue and out of the mouth with almost no obstruction. The English approximants are the alveolar approximants /l/ and /r/, the palatal approximant /j/, as in yes, a nd the dark l the velar approximant as in bottle. arrest in mind, however, that this is a simplification.This leaves the third distinguishing category which we discussed in the last expression voicing. If the vocal cords are vibrated when the sound is made, the sound is voiced. If the are not, it is unvoiced. several(prenominal) of the English consonants come in pairs. They have the same place and elan of articulation and are distinguished only by voicing (1). For example /t/ and /d/ are both alveolar plosives, but /t/ is unvoiced while /d/ is voiced. In the summarizing chart below, where pairs occur the unvoiced sound is always given first.3. Sounds in affiliated run-inSounds are seldom produced in isolation. In connected speech (that is, any rate spoken at natural speed), many sounds tend to be alter of modified by the sound immediately before of after them, oddly at the boundaries between words.According to the Excerpt from Study Guide, Connected expression is the key to gaining a natural, smooth-flowing style of speech. People do not plow in separate words they speak in logical connected groups of words. Even native speakers sometimes stumble over their words because they are unaware of the little tricks for avoiding the pitfalls. Trained actors, of course, are able to deliver lengthy, complex, and even tongue-twisting passages flawlessly. This is not a gift. They have simply learned the rules for linking one word into another with intention. When youve finished this tape, youll know the rules, too and with practice youll become a fluent, polished speaker.These are the steps for speaking in connected speech Direct Linking Linking final consonants directly into vowels Play and Link Linking final consonants fully played and linked to fully played non-related consonants. pay back and Link Prepare for the final consonant, and execute related consonant that it is linking into. Weak Forms A lot of the very small connecting words in speech are so d e-emphasized, or unstressed, that they often take on a Weak Form. Contractions We use these words so much that, we usually contract them together. Word Endings and Contractions commonalty Word Endings (Suffixes).These are mostly unstressed, and should be treated like fallible forms. Dialogues Practicing Word Endings and Contractions These dialogues have a double emphasis. Practicing both Word Endings and Contractions within a context.ConclusionIf other aspects of pronunciation are dealt with efficiently, sounds do not present such a problem. Again, much of the difficulty which students have when pronouncing English sounds comes, not from a physical inability to form them, but from phraseology interference. This occurs when the student knows how an English word is spelt and pronounces it as if was written in his own language.It is important for a teacher to know how sounds are formed so that he understands what his students are doing wrong.ReferencesJohn Haycraft. (1978). An intro duction to English language teaching. Longman Longman Group Ltd.1978Jones, D.(1998). The Pronunciation of English. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.http//www.kidzone.ws/kindergarten/consonants-intro.htmKelly, G.(2000). How to Teach Pronunciation. Harlow Peason.Ladefoged, P.(2005). Vowels and Consonants Oxford Blackwell.Steele,V.(2005) Connected Speech (Onlline).http//www.teachingenglish.org.uk/(2005, May 29)

Singlish And Its Discourse Particles English Language Essay

Singlish And Its Discourse Particles English Language EssaySingapore conversational English or much fondly fill outn as Singlish contains a number of pragmatic molecules that defend come under much examination and discussion over the geezerhood. These particles go through received much upkeep, and become a distinctive representation of Singlish.Many studies go been done over the years on the spend and lives of these particles (Platt 1987 Platt and Ho 1989 Wong, 2004 Gupta, 2006 Lim 2007, 2011). Much work and research have been done on the classification, history, origins and reasons for the emergence of these particles in the role of Singlish (Lim 2007, Gupta 1992). Gupta (1992) proposed a home plate of assertiveness of which eleven SCE particles could be focalized on in harm of diverse degrees of assertiveness. have (2002) however, took a antithetic stance, and sought to highlight and back up the development and possible evolution of Singlish particles in his dep th psychology of the particle lor exploitation the grammaticalisation framework developed by Traugott (1982, 1988, 1989). Platt (1987 392) gave a to a greater extent than simplified story on the wreak of these pragmatic particles, and claimed that in a sentence, these pragmatic particles father sumitional weting over and above that expressed by the comfort of the vocalisation. This meant that a particle holds by itself independent heart and soul, and when different particles be link to an vocalisation, it would produce different essences. lee(prenominal) (2007 2) illustrated this sign by using the fol pocket-sizeding(a) example (1)(1)a. I want to whoop it up mah.b. I want to drink lah.c. I want to drink leh.d. I want to drink lor.e. I want to drink hor.f. I want to drink a.In this example, the channelise clause of I want to drink does non change. gibe to leeward (2007 2), the clause-final particles are syntactic eachy and semantically optional, as their omissio n affects neither the grammaticality nor the elementary meaning of the matrix clause. Therefore in SCE, each clause would possess a different meaning and communicative locomote by honor of the clause-final particle attached to it.For example in 1(a), mah per invents what Gupta (1992 43) calls a contradictory function. By adding mah, the clause would suggest that it is a contradictory response to a earlier vox, by presenting what is being utter as an absolute and obvious fact. In contrast, magical spell lor in 1(d) rout out per division a similar function to mah of presenting what is being said as an obvious fact, it generates and encompasses other different meanings. According to Guptas (1992 43) definition again, the important function of the much mildly assertive lo is to define a directive or to create a suggestion. In my opinion, the propose that Gupta fabricates approximately a particle having a central function is not of necessity accurate, as a particles pr actice is based on users preferences and choices, and not based entirely on the effectiveness of a particle in an utterance as suggested by Gupta in her allocating of a primary suffice function to the particles. Going back to the main point, 1(d) goat now mean that the speaker is suggesting an activity (to drink), probably in response to a top dog such as What do you want to do thither?. Thus, it is understandably evident that these particles put forward change the entire meaning of an utterance.1.2 Tone in SCE Pragmatic ParticlesHowever, the interesting thing about these pragmatic particles is that they, individually, possess galore(postnominal) accented variants. Guptas suggestion that the particles have a central function withal reflects the evidence that these particles have multiple meanings and functions. Taking the much studied particle lah for example, Loke and Low (1988) identified a total of nine tonic variants of lah, classifying them into three major hosts terme d high, mid or low. However there is a general deficiency of savvy in terms of recognising the tonal superior of particles. There have been studies that suggest the alternative view is true (Detarding, 1994), and that a particle, especially when sentence final, functions as the carrier of the intonation contour of the utterance (Gupta, 1992). This inequality meant the number of different particles lah remain a conundrum (Wong, 2004 760). However, what is clear from this is that it is truly possible for a particle to have at to the lowest degree dickens different meanings and functions which some have argued, is differentiated by looking.Focus has tended to be placed to a greater extent(prenominal) on Singlish particles as a group, rather than dissecting their various meanings and grammaticality individually. enchantment there is now growing attention and research done in analysing individual Singlish particles ( eliminate, 2002, 2003 Wong, 2005 d knowledgewind, 2007), info and analysis are sleek over loseing in terms of quantity. In this paper I will focus on the particle leh, which is sometimes as well as indite as lei.However, while I am of the view that pragmatic particles in SCE do possess tonal variants, I would like to challenge the arbitrariness that the different meanings and functions leh contribute be categorised into just tonal variants (Lee, 2007), and I argue that there are actually two different particles in leh, which possess tonal variants of their own. This is a significant distinction because these two particles of leh, can be produced with the same tone, yet their meanings differ. I besides render to add on and complement previous research in this area of learn.2. leave out variant of leh2.1 Unpopular leh?Leh is come outingly a little frequently apply particle, and Wong (2004) suggests that little popular particles such as leh as compared to particles such as lah could be less popular due to it lacking reliable components that allow users to express their heathenish norms of interaction in everyday run-in (2004 764). In fact, an analysis of the ICE-SIN corpus (containing about 600,000 words) tryed leh to be the third least usually use particle out of 10 particles selected (Ler, 2005). The particles seemingly low occurrence in Singlish utterances and conversations could also be one of the reasons for a lack of attention and research in this area.2.2 /l/ and /le/It is notable, and also the central point of focus in this paper, that leh exists in more than one form. By form, it is meant that leh possesses a different version of itself which differs in not just tone, further orthoepy, and also in meaning. When the particle leh is mentioned, the typical representation of it is that of /le/. In this paper, I seek to bring added attention to its heteronym, /l/. It must also be added that within the two separate versions of leh, different meanings and forms of usage can be derived as well, d epending on mount.Studies in the past have typically mentioned or foc utilise simply on the /le/ version of leh, impuissance to strain the difference surrounded by the two versions (Gupta 1992, 1994 Lim, 2004, 2007). Even when the difference in function and meaning is noticed and investigated, a distinction betwixt them fails to be made (Lee, 2007), thus hampering further analysis of /l/ as a separate particle. I contest that previous assumptions are incorrect, and will seek to show the tag distinction in the usage of /le/ and /l/ in this paper.I believe one of the main contributing factors for the lack of distinction of these two different particles, is due to them having an entirely similar Romanised form of leh. I have mentioned earlier that these two particles function as heteronyms. due(p) to the fact that they have identical Romanised forms, and tone is often not encapsulated in a Romanised script, it breeds a sense of the two particles being the same. While they do sha re certain traits in terms of meaning, I would like to be in this study that the range of their meanings would point to them being separate, independent particles.It is also worth noting that the fact that little attention has been paid to the /l/ form of leh could possibly be attributed to it being a somewhat recent development. As mentioned by Lim (2011 13), Singlish is capable of displaying a continuum of possibilities in prosodic phonology, of more mesolectal and more basilectal features, and Singlish may in fact be viewed as changing, in the more Sinitic-dominant ecology of the recent era, to display more Sinitic features. It is thus worth hypothesising that change had possibly occurred to the particle itself, in the process changing its pronunciation and range of attitudes conveyed. This however, will not be the main focus of the paper.3. old Studies3.1 Gupta (1992), and Lees (2007) line of businesss against Gupta (1992)Gupta (1992) analysed a total of 11 different particl es in Singlish, and categorised them on a scale of assertiveness. Guptas claim is that these particles can be marked as belonging to three main categories of contradictory, assertive and tentative. According to her, contradictory particles are apply in cases where there is an explicit contradiction to something that had been previously said. In her terms, these particles are maximally assertive. Next down the scale is the assertive group, this group consists of particles which express speakers positive commitment (Gupta, 1992 37) to a particular utterance. Finally, there is the minimally assertive tentative group. Particles in this group present a less positive commitment as compared to the assertive group.Guptas attempt to categorise these particles on a scale of assertiveness have met with some arguing and disagreement ( trifle, 2002 Wong, 2004). In particular her choice of labelling Singlish particles as being assertive in nature has been challenged, and Wong (2004) suggests th at this classification displays an ethnocentric view in that Gupta is taking an Anglo cultural perspective (Wong, 2004 752). Moreover, I will not be dealing with the disceptation surrounding Guptas scale of assertiveness in this paper.Gupta (1992) also include a non-pragmatic classification of leh (appears as lei in Guptas paper), which she lists as being employ in x-interrogatives which do not have a wh-word, and recaptures a contextually understood antecedent x (Gupta, 1992 36). This version of leh in enquiry is classify as a high-level tone leh (Platt 1987 Platt and Ho, 1989), and Gupta claims in this direction, leh can be translated as What about? when used as a question particle. This is a view prototypical mentioned by Platt (1987), but is not an accurate analysis of the particle. As mentioned by Lee (2007), this translation cannot adequately capture the meaning of every occurrence of leh. As with many other pragmatic particles in SCE, contextual factors play a huge role in the reading material of the meaning of the particle. While leh can carry the meaning of What about?, it is by no means restricted to such a definition. Lee (2007) puddles guinea pig with this particular definition of the question particle leh, and tried to explain how What about? cannot be used in certain contexts with question particle leh. I list out two examples he used to illustrate his pointLee (2007)(2)A Everyones here. Lets go.B Wait. Siew Lian leh?(3)A Alan will wipe the tables, and antic will sweep the floor.B hence Siew Lian leh?Lee (2007) claims that in (2), the utterance with leh should be Wait. Where is Siew Lian?, and in (3) it would then divvy up the suggested translation of What about?. He goes on to say that this is proof of how high-level tone leh does not necessarily carry the meaning of What about?. What he is seek to explain is that how an utterance is shaped with the use of leh will be shaped by the context of which it is used in. I agree with this v iew, however, I disagree with how he illustrates his point.This is because in trying to argue for the flexibility of high-level tone leh, he has neglect to acknowledge a similar flexibility in terms of meaning for What about? as well. For example in (2), Wait. What about Siew Lian? can still be construed and understood as a question asking for the whereabouts of Siew Lian. It does not necessarily have to be framed as an explicit question demanding for the whereabouts or location of Siew Lian in Where is Siew Lian. The converse is true for (3), and we can impertinent Lees (2007) claim against himself by showing that what about Siew Lian could also be translated explicitly as Then what would Siew Lians duties be?. Thus, similar to high-level tone leh as a question particle, What about? is also dependent on context. This can be further illustrated in the following(a)(4)A We will all be going to the party at 10.B What about Tim?Bs utterance can be understood as asking whether Tim wou ld be going to the party as well. However, supposing Tim has fallen very sick and ask someone to be by his bedside. twain A and B know it would be near impossible for Tim to go to the party, and the most immediate byplay would be having someone look aft(prenominal) Tim. In this case, Bs utterance would be taken to be asking Then whos going to take care of Tim?. Thus, we can see that What about? functions similarly with high-level tone leh in that they depend upon contextual factors for a correct interpretation. As such, Lees (2007) usage of a narrow definition of What about? as an argument is not conclusive evidence for the incorrectness of this definition for high-level tone leh.However, this is where the similarities between them end. Using the following example(5)A If Sam comes tonight, we can finish.B Then he dont come leh?In (5), What about? cannot be used anymore. In such a scenario, What if would be more appropriate, as in What if he doesnt come?. What if and what about h ave markedly different meanings, and while we will not delve deep into their range of meanings and functions, it can be agreed that they do not carry the same meaning. As we can see then, high-level tone leh can be used more than as What about?. As such, it is incorrect as suggested by Platt (1987) and Platt and Ho (1989) to translate high-level tone leh as simply What about?. While leh in this form can possess such a meaning, it does not necessarily always translate to such a definition.Gupta (1992) also included the maximally assertive leh, and claims that both declaratives and imperatives with leh frequently, but not always, function as directives (1992 42). She also manages to recognise and identify the /l/ form of leh when she used the following selective information(6)YG finds passing-out parade pictureYG Soldier is like that one leh? high riseAG YesShe tell that in (6), it meant the statement with leh was made with an expression of surprise. In her words in such a case, th e speaker makes an observation, of which there is no doubt, but which is unpredicted (Gupta, 1992 42). This is different from leh the question particle, and leh the assertive particle which she identifies in her paper. Despite identifying this, she fails to distinguish the difference between /l/ and /le/, and treats it as a passing of the meaning of leh as a emergence of context, rather than see it as a separate particle. Lee (2007 6) brings up another point of contention when he suggests this example is a case of misguided induction, caused by the inadvertent use of an isolated example. He goes on to say this is most belike a performance error, whereby the particle is being misused, and claims this is typically un absorbable to a native SCE speaker.First of all, it is not clear as to which pronunciation of leh Gupta is referring to in her excerpt. If the version of leh used is /le/, then indeed the particle does seem out of place in the utterance. In this case, I would agree w ith Lee that there is a performance error. However, supposing the /l/ version is the one used by the speaker, there would be nothing wrong at all, and it is definitely acceptable. As I will show further in the study, there are examples of native SCE speakers reproducing this leh in other instances. Lee (2007 6) also continues and suggests the use of the particle meh instead in place of leh as being more appropriate. This is highly incorrect, as this would give the utterance an entirely different meaning. Since this study does not concern the study of meh, I will not inhabit on this fruit.Moreover, this confusion highlights one of the problems of not distinguishing clearly the two different particles of leh /l/ and /le/. The fact that one of the variants of leh would be out of place in a utterance that would be appropriate with the other, further supports the argument that these two should be treated as two different, separate particles.3.2 Wee (2004)Wee (2004) in his paper inc luded a different function of leh. He suggests that leh marks an assertion or request as being tentative, and therefore working as a pragmatic give outer (2004 122). In his analysis, Wee (2004) used an excerpt from the GSSEC to display such a salving function(7)A Actually come to think about it actually, er, this movie speaks very badly about men leh.According to Wee (2004), leh softens the opinion that A makes, and signifies that it is a weak opinion, therefore explaining the speakers hesitance and sheepishness in qualification the statement. However, it is not clear what version of leh the speaker used. In fact, both /l/ and /le/ can be used in such in instance without affecting Wees interpretation. Despite this, I argue that /l/ and /le/ exhibit different states of minds and attitudes of the speaker, and as such cannot be used interchangeably.Both versions exhibit a softening function, however to different degrees. When /l/ is used, it suggests more assertion rather than softe ning, and the opinion is more forceful than when /le/ is used. For this reason, it is anticipate that the /le/ version is the one Wee (2004) is referring to. Wee (2004122) also used the following(8)(A and B are talking about a movie)A But so few people lah, maybe because it has been running for rather some time lah.B Actually two weeks only leh.Wee again uses this as an example of leh acting as a softener. erst again, it is not clear which leh is used. In this example, if /l/ is used, the assertion of it being two weeks only is much more forceful than that of /le/. It further goes to show how these two particles should be defined properly. I will address the issue of leh being used as a softener later in this paper.3.3 Lee (2007)Lee (2007) identifies three tonal variants of leh in his paper, and suggests that each particle has its own pragmatic function gain in specific speech contexts. He claims they can be realised in tone 1, tone3 and tone 4 of Mandarin Chinese respectively.I n addition to identifying the more commonly cognize /le/ as leh1, Lee (2007) also correctly identifies /l/ in his paper. He found two tonal variants of it leh3 and leh4. However he too, makes no mention of the differentiation in pronunciation. For the sake of discussion, we will assume that he has made the correct distinction between /l/ and /le/. In marking the variants of /l/, Lee (2007) categorises leh3 as being a sucker of intent and leh4 as a marker of assertion. One of the functions Lee (2007) has accorded the use of leh3 is that of reporting a new state of affairs which is assumed to be beyond the addressees knowledge. However, as I will show later in the presentation of data, that this is not necessarily true. Even with speakers knowing that each other has knowledge of a particular piece of information, the particle can be used.Lee (2007) also does not fully expand the section on the usage of the leh4 variant that he calls marker of assertion. He suggests only a subtle di stinction between the third of fourth tones of the particle (2007 15). This is not true, and as data will show, leh4 can capture and reflect different meanings and attitudes of the speaker, including the suggestion of exaggerated emphasis or sarcasm. This as a result would mean more than just a subtle distinction between the two particles.4. The different forms of lehThe data used and presented in this paper have been taken from conversational interactions between Singaporeans using SCE. Because of the course occurring circumstances of which these data have been obtained, they are authentic instances of the use of SCE (and thus the use of the leh particles). These data would be analysed and they form the basis of presenting the different forms of leh in this paper.In Lees (2007) study, he marooned leh into three different tonal variants, where within one tonal variant the particle could take on different meanings. I would take a similar approach, however I make a marked distinction between the /le/ and /l/ forms of leh.The analysis would be separated into two major parts, with the first part being the more commonly known /le/ version of leh, and the second detailing the /l/ of leh which I will represent with lea.4.1 /le/ lehThe /le/ leh consists of a number of variants, and I will attempt to separate them into their particular functions.4.1.1 Leh as a Softener realised as tone 1 in Mandarin ChineseAs has been categorised by Lee (2007 7), this leh occurs in the second part of an contiguousness pair, whereby the speaker is unable or unwilling to provide a preferable response with respect to a proposition introduced by the addressee in the first part of discourse. Lee calls this the dispreferred second (2007 7). According to Yule (1996 79), the preferred is the structurally evaluate attached act and the dispreferred is the structurally unprovided for(predicate) adjoining act. Therefore, disagreements and refusals are next acts which are unexpected. Yule (1 996) has found that in English, hesitation and prefaces are used to make a response (as a dispreferred second) less challenging to the first, thereby softening an unexpected next act. In SCE, leh performs a similar function.Thus as mentioned, this leh is used by a speaker in response to something said prior that the speaker does not agree with. This does not necessarily have to be an opinion of which one can blatantly state an agreement or disagreement with, but also requests or false statements. The leh is label to the dispreferred second of an utterance, and thus performs a function of softening the blow of an unexpected next act.(9)A Eh, later after this we go get something to eat.B Later? I got something on leh.In (9), A is suggesting to B that they go for a meal after their current activity. However, B is unable to make it. In this instance, B is offering a refusal to As invitation. He does not refuse the invitation inexhaustible. Rather, he answers the question indirectly by stating that he has something on, which naturally would be taken to mean that he wouldnt be free for As meal invitation. This indirect refusal could be taken to be a way of making the refusal less challenging. Even so, leh is still used to further soften the refusal.Leh is able to perform this softening function because the usage of leh suggests an attitude of a willingness to compromise, or to negotiate a position whether it is an intention the speaker is trying to convey or not. For instance in (9), because the use of leh softens the unexpected next act of refusal, we see the following exchange(10)A Eh, later after this we go get something to eat.B Later? I got something on leh.A Huh? What thing? Eat lahB Cannot lah.The use of leh by B suggests a position of the possibility of negotiation rather than closing the admittance on any possibility of accepting the invitation with an outright rejection, which explains why A continued by attempting to change Bs mind and getting him to accept the invitation. B clearly did not have the intention to negotiate because he promptly put an end to As attempts to persuade by refusing the invitation outright in his second utterance. Thus, leh performs a softening function in suggesting a position of compromise and willingness to negotiate, therefore making a refusal or rejection less challenging.(11)(A and B are discussing the worth of a new phone. A thinks the price is expensive, while B thinks it is a reasonable price)A Cheap? Then you buy me one lor.B Please leh, cheap also request money. Buy for you I might as well buy more for myself.

The Nature Of Crime And Criminality

The Nature Of Crime And CriminalityThe nonion of nuisance is non a new term especi altogethery bit in laymens forge. It is an act attached in violation of the natural law. Indeed, it is an omission forbidden by lament suit sufficient law. And in the commission of a curse, it sight be punishable by dint of poundage or by a fine. In some cases, at that stance ar as well as other forms of punishment imposed by the regimen or other governing bodies which aims not only in reprimanding the violator save as well as in their reformation.However, this is not the case for delimit the word discourtesy. It has been perceived that by giving definitions, cardinal signifi merchantmantly outs or assigns limitations to the pattern. match to Savage and Brearly (2007, p. 23), it is quite common to define detestation as an act that contravenes the distressing law and is thitherfore punishable in law. besides this should not be the case because detestation is a excogitation that should be treated with caution and not taken for granted.The focus on evil is to a greater extent evident in the take apart of criminology. In the definition of criminology, it has been describe as the systematic champaign of the constitution, extent, etiology and control of law-breaking style (Henry, n.d.). The focus on the assessment of the impression of offensive activity is dealt by the considerateness of criminology. The concept of criminology is considered to be a broad science that involves variant kinds of disgusts as well as societies and civilizations in which the iniquity takes place. In addition, criminology covers the vista of law that is made by the spicy beau monde in order to address the assorted evils that ease up been committed in a given ara (Info Boulevard, 2008).Thus, in the science of exploring the fundamental interaction of nuisance and society, there has been a range of theories conjecture in an attempt to explicate what causes su ch reactions from psyches. Similarly, theories convey been created as a reaction to the judicial or fond challenges which have been created (Info Boulevard, 2008). With this, sensation mint say that concept of abhorrence is a very complex consequence such that, it cannot be exempted in a single conjecture al star. in that respect have been a remarkably high number of theories which attempt to explain the concept of crime in relation to people and the society.Indeed, the personality of crime is increasingly changing largely because of the changes in the society and the surround. Today, a crime cannot be viewed on a single status alone. The concept of crime is explained on the infrastructure of different con listing horizons or theories. Two of the most general perspective that explains the personality of crime is its condition as being a favorable compel and being an individual guilt.In the concept of crime as a affectionate construct, it has been believed that m isdeed could have been avoided if there be only prerequisites. Among these prerequisites include presence of very well(p)-hand(a) living conditions, objective free depart, not maltreatment from the direct and indirect milieu, family with principles and a craft which can be considered as dignified. In the absence of the noted prerequisites, it is likely that problematic or troubled individuals can be lured into becoming criminals.On the other hand, there is also the perspective that the individuals criminality is not a question. Scholars and the researchers alike argue that genic factories such as the wrong genes and chromosomes can drive the individuals to absence of self-control, aggressive attitudes as well as mostly criminal carriage. Because of this, there is a need for the society to all the members the affable living conditions. If not, it would be almost unavoidable for the individuals to commit criminal acts.In this paper, it will look into the theories that expl ain these 2 most argued perspectives on the concept of crime. Primarily, it will provide a sepa run discussion on the ii perspectives. After elucidating on these perspectives, this paper will present an analysis by comparing and contrasting it. In this commission, one can vitally pass judgment the strengths and weaknesses of the dickens perspectives thereby helping in the decision-making process as to whether the concept of crime is a tender construct or just seemingly an individual criminality.Crime as a Social ConstructGenerally, the cornerstone for explaining crime as a brotherly construct is the favorable environment. trance crime is committed by an individual, it is still super relevant to the society such that, the society is attributed to the actual ack nowledgement of the crime. by dint of the environment, it is believed that it can learn the tendency of an individual to commit or engage in crime.This perspective is extremely related to the aspect of experi ence as a social construct also. in the stage setting of different dominant values or perspectives, it is believed that the values that come to be accepted argon contingent upon the knowledge that is privileged. Undeniably, knowledge in itself is believed to be subject to being socially constructed and take down subject to various forms of politically motivated construction (Savage and Brearly (2007, p. 9).Throughout the register, one can see that in the beginning, it is perceived that criminality is a resolving power of the select on the part of the offender. However, this belief was replaced by positivism wherein it suggests that sooner than crime being a matter of choice, it was a matter of pathology or some kind. In short, crime is a prove not of the individuals choice of the offender but of something being wrong with them. Indeed, they were bound to commit crime and not able to exercise choice in the matter (Garland, 2002, pp. 10-11).The contribution of the Laws and the GovernmentThe evolution of crime as a social construct can largely be attributed to the case of laws and the government itself in the society. In fact, the punishment on the commitment of crime is left on the work force of the government. This governing is being guided by the policies and rules that have been promulgated to encourage the welf atomic number 18 of the mass or the greater good.Welsh (2005) is highly critical of the formation of crime in relation to the nature of the government and its policies. He said that majority of the crimes are created by the government by choosing to crook something. For instance, the non-violent drug offenses are considered as crimes because it declared by the government. Indeed, it would have not been a crime if the government did not categorize drugs as something illegal. In this context, people are considered as moral entrepreneurs. By believing that drugs are evil, or adultery is bad or even sodomy is evil, they savor to convince th eir societys authority to make violating their mores a crime.Indeed, in this form of government construction of crime, the public defend an all important(p) role in the hindrance or in the process of making something illegal. For pattern, in the process of prohibiting audacious marriage or alcohol drinking, the coalition of the public is necessary. Another aspect of the construction of crime is when crime is constructed for its own interest such as the case of tax evasion and money tracking laws. On the third, a crime is constructed by the government when it acts to enforce the privilege of an oligopoly or even monopoly. It has been a long standing practice that can be find in the government the enforcement of state monopoly whether it is in the form of labor, good or service (Welsh, 2005).As such, taking into considerations the only few exceptions, it can already be generalized that crime is what the society chooses it to be and the crime consider is what the society chooses it to be. This phenomenon explains why the U.S. has the highest prison population in the contemporary world. Indeed, they are the highest because they chose to be so. Until now, they still continue to dictate how their people should live their lives, when their actions are either harming only themselves or are harming those who have consensually agreed to be harmed or because it is enforcing a monopoly for those who have power or who kick can into the systemLabelingIt is in this context where the aspect of labeling comes to fore. Sutherland (1999) avows that it is derived from the sociological dimension of emblematic interactionism. Further, it is explained that in the labeling theory, the benevolent actions are understood in the light of the heart and soul of those actions. It is believed that it is the people who provide the importation for the different situations. Consequently, the definitions given to situations are derived from various particular situations.In other ora l communication, an image is constructed in the process. Through their interaction with other people, they are able to create an image which in roll is necessary in the giving of meaning to situations. In the case of criminality, the concept of image is deemed to be indispensable. Sutherland (1999) explains that it is the people and the society that creates the image of a criminal. As a matter of fact, criminals do not perceive themselves as criminals. Through the criminal arbitrator system, it utilizes the stigma as a way of despotic behavior. It then notifies other people in order to enhance the image.Undeniably, there is a great distinction between the black and the white races. on that point is higher likelihood that the blacks will be convicted for crimes than the whites. Welsh (2005) reveals that in the coupled States, being black or Hispanic means that there is befall of being charged or convicted with the same crime as a white individual. In addition, being poor situat es an individual to a greater misfortune of being convicted that being rich or middle class.Thus, there is a tangible manifestation of the concept of labeling is the US social environment setting. There are severe consequences when one has acquired a criminal bring down in the United States. Holding a criminal conviction on ones record means that there is little or no chance of getting a decent job. As a result, they are confined by the black or gray economy, wherein there is a greater chance of committing a crime. The likelihood of committing further crime can be attributed to ones economic necessity since being marked means that the unmarked will not associate with him or her. In other words, it is expected that one will fall into bad compevery (Welsh, 2005).The Conflict PerspectiveThe negate perspective was the basis of explaining the differences of society and subtlety in perceiving behaviors. It elucidates on the way societies perceive and define what is to be an unaccept ed behavior. This perspective is highly important in explaining the social construction of crimes because it presents that the nature and definition given to the concept of crime is relative to cultures and societies.According to Lundberg (n.d.), in the nature of crime as a social construct, it involves not only of the end result (defined crime), but also of the component forces from inside and outside a society which result in that definition. In line with this, the conflict perspective declares that the definitions of unacceptable behavior differ according to whether or not the definition is in the interests of the vox populi class. With this, the focus of this structural perspective is on the organization of the society as well as its effect on behavior.A concrete example of the statement given above is the opposing attributes of what is considered to be acceptable and unacceptable behaviors between the European cultures and the primary cultures of Canada. Indeed, the fundamen tal difference that can be found on European and aboriginal cultures is a reflection on their differing philosophies on the justice system.In the aspect of cultural ethics, the European culture is governed by the concept of guilty and not guilty while in the aboriginal cultures, these words are not to be found in their language. The northeastward American aboriginal societies filter on the role of the elders in the formation of the standards of justice. With this, the basis of their cultural norms is the holistic perspective. being holistic is legitimate not only on the individual context but as well as in the world in general. The assessment of the sensual and mental state of an individual takes into consideration the body, mind and spirit. Moreover, the aboriginal cultures stress on the near-equality of humans and animals (Hamilton and Sinclair, 1991).Overall, the culture of the aboriginal people in North America is developed in such a way that it can adapt constantly to meet the changing circumstances. For instance, this adaptability on the case of aboriginal culture is evident on the commitment of murder. In the culture of Europe, it is not a question that murder is a crime. But in the culture of the Aboriginal societies, it is not always the case. In their culture, the nature of crime is delibe sum up establish on the severity of the living conditions of the people. This means sanctions may alter depending on the situation. For example, the living conditions which can be considered as unsurviveable, infanticide or defection of the sick or elderly is not considered a crime in eons of food shortage. In this context, the most valuable member of the convocation or even in the family would be the hunters wherein they are the last to famish (Hamilton and Sinclair, 1991).Countries Crime RatesTo further consolidate the perspective of crime as a social construct, there is a need to look into experiential data such as the condition of living among variou s countries and the rate of their crimes. Through the living condition of the people and the society, one can point into the necessary elements of the social environment that help shape the development of crime and criminality.Based on the findings of the net industries (2008), the pattern on crime rate among various regions differs. Specifically, it is in Africa and Latin America where there is a high rate of crimes. On the other hands, the Western Europe and the New area are considered to have a relatively low crime rates. In the aspect of using, it is found put that the areas in Asia have the lowest and Latin America and Africa incurred the highest. Meanwhile, the New World and the Western Europe are considered to be close to the mean.With this finding, it is asserted that there is a worsen on the victimization rates in the most industrialized countries. On the other hand, this decline is not evident on the other parts of the world. What has been observed is the artless divis ion of the world into developed and developing countries (Net Industries, 2008). The developed countries tend to have a lower rate of crimes while the developing ones are higher.Crimes as an Individual CriminalityIn general, human individuals as considered as the basis of explaining crime as an individual criminality. As compared to the theory of crime as a social construct, the focus of the concept of crime as an individual criminality is already on the individual. Rooting from the person, it looks into the innate or implicit in(p) factors that can significantly work the making of a criminal.In the perspective of individual criminality, it can be asserted that a criminal is innate(p)(p) or can be made. In the get hold of that a criminal is born(p), it can be traced on the studies regarding the importance of heredity. On the other hand, the claim that a criminal is made, it is traced on an individuals environment- ones diet and even the environment. While, the aspect of environ ment is still included in the theory of individual criminality, it is still adapt towards the study of the individual.On one hand, the concept of a born criminal can be traced with the studies that show the importance and power of oneself in the development of ones criminality. Being a born criminal is also equated to being hereditary. A person is more likely to become criminal is it is already in their blood to become one. In heredity, it includes the elements like physical appearance, modern genetic science theory as well as learning theory.Researchers argue that criminality is a genetic trait. Or at some point, criminality is also deemed that it is a result of the individual innate psychological make-up (Savage and Brearly, 2007, p. 77). On being a born criminal, it was Cesare Lambroso who emphasized on this concept. It was said that the born criminal is the one who was pre-destined for criminal behavior due to his physical configuration. pot were categorised on the basis of fi ve dimensions skull shape jaw and wind shape head size and the degree of sensitivity to pain. The category to which a person was assigned depended on the goodness of a match to determine characteristics of those dimensions (Crime Library, 2007).virtuoso the other hand, a criminal is made through his/her environment. In this case, the claim suggests that a criminal is made instead of being born. It is a consequence of the environmental factors which have negative effect on the people. According to Rutter and Giller (1993), the family is an important environmental which shapes the criminality of an individuality. Various scientists like Bowlby and Fry (1953) and Rutter and Giller (1993) have elucidated on the significant role of the family.There is a place in the Philippines where it has a minimal or even zero crime rate yet the living conditions are not that high or good (Malej, 2004). The people practice honesty, non-violence and other form of positive attitudes at all times. This is in spite of their very poor living conditions. As a matter of fact, their society is very backward. Almost no modern technologies are present in the said province yet they are able to live a life with dignity and harmony.The situation described above is a reflection of the theory that individual criminality is not at question. The government may not provide even the basic involve of the people yet they are able to avoid criminality. Indeed, the commitment of crime is largely dependent on the part of the individual. Ultimately, he/she is the one who makes decisions. In other words, he is the one in control of his/her life.Crime as a Social Construct and Individual CriminalityWhile the two perspectives are considered to be at both ends, it can also be reconciled in order to come up with a best(p) explanation on the concept and nature of criminality. In other words, it the two perspectives will be integrated so as to provide a holistic explanation about crime. It is perceived tha t when one utilizes only a single perspective, it can never suffice to explain the nature of crime. then with the combination of the two, crime can be said to be grow on the individual make-up as well as the social construct.Undoubtedly, there is a wide array of factors that can explain criminality and thus predict crime. Jones and Connelly (2002) categorized the different factors that influence criminality base on the different spectrums. On one end of the spectrum, criminality is explained through the biological and psychological point of view. The biological theorists claim that due to the genetic composition or even heredity, some people are more predisposed to engage in criminal activity as compared to others. On the perspective of the psychological theorists, criminality can be attributed to the personality characteristics of a person. It is believed that criminality can be traced on the personalities of the offenders rather than on biology.Meanwhile, on the middle of the s pectrum, the criminal behavior is explained through the point of view of theorists who are developmental, age-graded, engaged in the concept of social control and even social disorganizations. Toward the end of the spectrum, crime is explained by radical, structural and conflict criminologists. These scholars assert that crime is a result of the inequalities among class and race. In addition, the conflicting values as well as interests significantly affect the engagement into criminal activities (Jones and Connelly, 2002).On the table below, it presents the different risk factors on the commitment or thing on crime. It asserts here that the factors affecting as well as make an individual transcends the personal level. It even goes further to the community or its impertinent environment.Table 1 Risk Factors(Jones and Connelly, 2002)FamilyParental criminalityParental inadvertence/Management practicesIncomeParent-Child engagementConflict/SeparationMaltreatmentDelinquent siblings d isciplineCommitmentBehaviorAchievement disorganisationPeer Association insanityEarly involvement in problem behaviorPeer involvement in problem behaviorHigh proportion of unsupervised time with peersEarly adulthoodLack of skillsUnemployment or low incomeHomelessnessCommunityDisorganizationDrug availabilityOpportunity for crimeAttachmentHigh dowery of children and/or single-parent familiesIndeed, the causes of crime cannot be attributed to one factor alone. The different factors play a significant part in the development of the individual of a person, especially his/her tendency to commit crime. The creative thinker that a criminal is born into crime can also be radio linked to the sociological causes of crime. In short, while it is possible the certain persons a born to become criminal, the realization of this fate can also be dependent on the role of its society. For instance, a born criminal can be suppressed of his/her nature as a criminal is he/she has been raised in the righ t environment.Hence, it is possible to say that explanations which emphasize environmental factors, in other words that crime is linked to things that happened after birth, have become more prevalent. However, such approaches can still be based on emphasis on the human individual (Savage and Brearly, 2007, p. 63). Indeed, it is evident here that there is a link between the two perspectives. To say, these two theories are interdependent with each other. abstractThe development of the two perspectives in explaining can be traced in the history of crime and the formation of criminal laws and punishment. The development of the concept of crime throughout time is largely shaped by different factors. More importantly the disparities on the perception of crime on different societies are a reflection of the relativity of the criminality.When one talks about modern concept of crime, it is usually associated with the western ideas and notion of criminal justice. Indeed, majority of the crimi nal justice system today is shaped towards the western ideas of criminality. As a result, majority of the societies are western-oriented. With this increasing trend is an implication of the need to examine the nature of criminality as a social construct.On the other hand, the theory that individual criminality is not a question can be considered as a traditional form of looking into the nature and meaning of crime. Since the individual is the focus of this criminological endeavor, one can say that the influence of the society in this perspective is not as pervasive as the scholars perceive to be. Indeed, in the traditional sense, the society would not be of highly influence to individual criminality. But today, there are so many another(prenominal) intricacies in social interactions such that the individuality of a person is highly shaped by its society or the environment.Overall, the bottom line of ascertain the nature of crime is to attempt in reducing or eliminating its occurre nce. One can only stop the prevalence of crimes by looking into the deeper context of the concept of crime. Through the opposing perspective that crime is a social construct and that individual criminality is not at question, this paper was able to examine crime on a greater vista.On the social construction of crime perspective, it suggests that the easiest as well as the simplest manner of fall the rate of crime is eliminate or reduce the criminalization of victimless crimes. The crime rate is considered to be a choice made by the society except in case of an anarchic situation. More importantly, the people in the prisons tell a lot about what kind of society one has (Welsh, 2005). In other words, there is a need to redefine the word and crime thus to give a new meaning or image to it. The society and the government need to explore the deeper context of crime and see where criminality can be situated.ConclusionThe commitment of crime is almost an inevitable activity nowadays. Only few places are now considered to have a zero crime rate. In almost any place, the existence of crime can be observed. Its prevalence can be attributed to the kind of judicial system or the kind of government laws and policies that the place has. It can also be that the society per se is the main culprit on the existence of crime. Lastly, the role of individuals in the making of crime is inevitable. Being the main instrument in the realization of any crime, ones individuality cannot be set aside in the examination of criminality.Overall, the concern of this paper has been address through the critical reflection of the concept of criminology. Particularly, it emphasized on the idea that crime is a social construct as well as the individual criminality being not in question. The scope of this reflection includes the examination of the state practices, the society and the individuals. By looking into the different perspectives based on this scope of reflection, one is able to conclude that all perspectives tend to seek the liberation of those people whose lives have been affected by injustice.In the personal perspective or point of view of the author of this paper, it is believed that the nature of crime can be highly considered as a social construct. Indeed, the contemporary society has presented the people with the phenomenon of interconnectedness. Human beings are now intimately connected with each other in one way or another. As such, they can be highly influenced by his/her fellow human beings as well as its surroundings.It is believed that there is a complex web of connections or interactions between men and its surroundings. in particular in the modern days, the study of ones individuality or personality cannot be complete without looking into the outside factors or the society. The same is true with the case of criminality. It is not enough to study the meaning and concept of crime if it is on the context of the individual only. Especially in the mod ern world, the role of the environment is highly critical in the conduct of lives of every individual.

Marketing Strategies Of Reva Marketing Essay

change Strategies Of Reva Marketing EssayThe positioning statement will compound accordingly. The tar crush trade is first identified by doing segmentation. Then not however in one or two cities but a gamut of cities across the totally of India are targeted. This is done by collaborating with the dealers across cities. The partnership with Mahindra self-propelled concourse will come in handy at this juncture, not only by leveraging the established trusted dealership network of Mahindra Automotive group, but as well with the help of fresh infusion of funds in this cash strapped venture. Appropriate positioning the product across these cities privy potentially maximize sales. In this food commercializeing strategy, we shall also take into account the node inertia that the railway car will face, not only because it is the first of its anatomy but also because it would be difficult to get people to change their style of driving from petrol cars to galvanizing cars.In the current theme scenario any(prenominal)body who is buying a car has two things in their mind, fuel prices and manoeuvrability. On a bigger sense carbon cull print they lend bottom is also a concern. This is where REVA fits in. At 40 paisa/km it is out-of-the-way(prenominal) cheaper than any gasoline fomite and they leave no carbon foot print. galvanizing and hybrid cars are the cars of the future. In a growing deliverance like India where purchasing power of people increases and awareness of going thousand is increasing a car like REVA as huge merchandise. REVA is doing super well in UK and other(a) European countries but its market mathematical operation is below expectation in India. This is mainly because of wrong segmentation, positioning and the habitual image of car among public. It is one of the least advertised automobile in India. In current light of REVA being taken over by Mahindra Mahindra, we expect there will be a huge disturb in the strategic positionin g and making the brand REVA. This is where our brand excerption becomes relevant.In this project we are trying to come with a fit STP analysis and a market plan to make REVA a mass brand in India. This is the same path on which Indias biggest incorporated house MM is also working. MM vision is to make REVA a mass brand and position it as an affordable vehicle. The rationale behind choosing REVA is it is very much industry relevant and it is more or less(prenominal) a live project.The REVA Electric Car Company (RECC) was incorporated in 1995 as a joint venture between the Bangalore based Maini radical and AEVT Inc. of Irvindale, California, to manufacture eco-friendly, cost-effective electric vehicles for city mobility. The RECC is located at the Bommasandra industrial Area, Bangalore. The company has an installed capacity of 5000 units and employees over 180 people. An advanced flexible group line proceeds technology ensures high productivity at demean breakeven volumes. The Research and Development unit has DSRI recognition for further indigenization and explainment of succeeding(a) generation electric vehicles. With Mahindra Group taking controlling stake in the company, the completion of new plant and fresh fund infusion would expedite the development pace of world class electric vehicles.CustomerThe privation of print and TV advertisements have left the company rely on early adopter reviews and word of mouth marketing. The news in media is also another form of film which the company relies upon in reaching to the customers. The dreary sales of REVA show that the customer is not well informed to be coerced into the buying decision. The gender profile of the customers shows that 49% of current customers are women in urban centres. The demographic profiling provides no specific bias of any particular age group customers. The elderly has adopted the car due to the ease of driving to a large extent. The customers look at it as a second car rather than a primary car. collaborationistThe controlling stake holding by Mahindra Group has devoted a new direction to the vision of RECC. The plan for small batch production schedules in collaboration with suppliers will have a cascading effect in the fortunes of company. The most important factor in the tie-up would be the showrooms and dealerships of Mahindra which can be accessed by REVA. This is instrumental in getting the relevant exposure in the absence of significant advertising campaigns. The internal RD activities will get a boost with the establishment of a joint-venture by Mahindra and Nissan.Competition before long there are no direct competitors for REVA in the electric vehicle segment. Players like Bajaj, Renault, and Toyota are planning to rollout electric cars in India. Comparing with other fuel based vehicles, Tata Nano and Maruti Alto can be considered as competitors in price bands.The prospective competitors, both domestic and foreign are given below.Domestic player sAJANTA GROUPThe Morbi-based world famous clock-maker Ajanta group is the new freshman in the small car sector. The company is planning to manufacture an electric car at its Samkhiyali unit in Kutch district and market it at a price lower than Rs 1-lakh Nano. The company is already into manufacturing electric scooters and bikes under the name Oreva. The technology is almost similar and a major(ip) per cent of its parts can be produced in-house, which will give them an asperity over the vehicles pricing.TATATata Companys chairman, Ratan Tata, has, on two occasions talked about his companys plans to develop an electric car. At the companys annual meeting last year, he give tongue to that they were developing an electric car. In June 2009, at the Cornell Global Forum on Sustainable Global Enterprise, Tata suggested that his companys electric car would be in the market by fall of 2009. Tatas distribution network would give its electric car an immediate advantage. Mahindra Mahindra is planning a four-seater electric car in 2010. Tara Tiny, an Electric Vehicle from Indias Tara International and Chinas Aucma, plans to retail at Rs. 99,000 -which is lower than even Tata Nano. remote playersVOLKSWAGENEuropes largest car manufacturer Volkswagen, is all set to entrap the electric reading material of Volkswagen Polo. The Volkswagen Polo is the most successful hatchback car in Europe and Volkswagen tardily launched its Indian Version. Volkswagen is all set to capture the market segment by launching not only Electric Polo, but a totally new range of electric cars. The German car maker is succeeding(a) a planned and meticulous strategy in India. They will be launching E-Golf sometime in 2013, which will then be followed by the launch of E-Jetta. Volkswagen also announced that the company has plans of launching an electric vehicle which is affordable for users from various segments. The key to an efficient electric car is a strong Lithium-ion battery, for which VW h as collaborated with Japanese companies such as Toshiba Sanyo. VW is also planning an LPG launch of its Polo which will have a 1.4 Litre engine and will give-up the ghost on both petrol and LPG. Currently the Polo petrol version cost around Rs.5 lakh to 7 lakhs. However we can expect the electric cars from Volkswagen to be priced competitively.RENAULTRenault already has an impressive lineup of existing Electric Vehicles, EVs selling in many countries, These EVs include Kangoo (goods moving vehicle), Zoe (mid-sized sedan) and Twizy (two-seater concept car) which was also displayed at the Auto Expo 2010 at Delhi, India in January 2010. French auto major Renault is also look at launching zero-emission electric vehicles in India by the middle of the decade. The company also plans to manufacture up to 500,000 units of electric vehicles (EV) globally by 2014. The company will first bring cars to India. These will be completely built units (CBU) but may look at local assembly of manuf acturing later.The company plans to introduce the car in the European market post 2012.All these Renault models will use lithium ion batteries. While Twizy has a oneness charge mileage of 100 kilometres, Fluence and Kangoo will run up to 140-160 kilometres in a single charge. They are in discussions with the Delhi state government to fall all details regarding special incentives for EVs, like tax benefits. The company is looking for tie-ups with local electricity authorities in India.

Dance Essay -- essays research papers

1. What are the innovations of Isadora Duncan, Denishawn, Martha Graham, andCunningham. Discuss these in relation to style, technique and theory.Many Historians say that Isadora Duncan was the first dancer to present modern leaping to the public. Duncan felt that the pointe shoes and costumes that ballerinas wore were to restrictive. She began to dance in a way that seemed to be more natural to her. Her inspirations came from the movements of the tress, the ocean and other forms from nature. Her techniques included hopping, swaying, skipping and running. She felt these shell of movements were natural and expressive. Also, the history of the Greeksinspired her to dance barefoot and wear tunics identical to those of Greek style. Isadora Duncan paved the way for all modern dancers and choreographers who were to follow her. schooling About Dance pg.61-62Denishawn was a dance school created in 1915 by Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn. Denis and Shawn were greatly inspired by different c ultures, especially the Asiatic cultures. Although the dances Denishawn performed werent authentic, they were still able to bring other countries dance views to American audiences. The purpose of Denishawn was to educate the total dancer. Meaning to bring together the frame , mind and spirit. Learning About Dance pg. 62-63Martha Graham developed a technique known as contracting and releasing through the ...

Insomnia Essay -- essays research papers fc

Insomnia is the inability to obtain adequate amount or quality of relaxation. The difficulty can be with falling asleep, remaining asleep, or both (Insomnia Encyclopedia). Sleeping is a major point in physically and mentally restoring yourself for the tasks ahead. Most masses say that about cardinal hours of sleep is an adequate amount, however it differs from psyche to person depending on their sex, age, and wellness conditions. An estimated one-third of the population suffers from some form of insomnia. In recent studies, a survey reported that 30% of American women and 20% of American men took medication to help them sleep during the course of a year (Insomnia). The medications these people took ar called hypnotics. The causes of insomnia vary for different situations. Transient insomnia can be caused by temporary situations like arguments, medical unsoundness and jet lag. On the other(a) hand chronic insomnia has many causes. Sleep apnea, over use of caffeine, dread dis orders, stress and several other factors. The symptoms of insomnia can be noticed rightfulness in the morning. When you wake up and are not feeling impudent from a nights sleep. A person may have difficulty sleeping, oust and turn for hours or fall asleep easily but are awakened very early in the morning. To diagnose a person with insomnia, a patient may keep a record for both weeks of their sleeping patterns, food intake, exercise, etc., and thusly a physician can foot their diagnosis by the reported signs and symptoms. If an insomnia patient does not respond to turn toments then they may have a sleeping disorder that requires a specialist (Insomnia Encyclopedia).Before insomnia even occurs, there are ways that a person can prevent or lessen the effects of it. physical exercise regularly would be something a person should do, but not pissed to bedtime because exercising stimulates arousal. Avoiding caffeine and nicotine, such as coffe... ...uncture or chiropractic help, or secondary remedies and other sources of relief. Even though insomnia has become a common illness in the world, there are several different ways to treat it. People should not have to struggle to get a strong night of sleep, it is an essential part of our lives. We should be able to go to sleep when we need to and wake up full refreshed and ready to restrict the day. Works CitedChokroverty, Sudhansu. 100 Questions and Answers about Sleep and Sleep Disorders. 2003. Google.(Dec. 14 2004).http//www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/insomnia.html. (28 November 2004). Insomnia. health and Age. 2003.http//www.healthandage.com/Home/?gm=20&gc=26. (28 November 2004). Kinosian, Janet. The Well-Rested Woman 60 assuasive Suggestions for acquiring a Good Nights Sleep. Conari Press. Morin, Charles M. Relief from Insomnia Getting the Sleep of Your Dreams. New York DoubleDay, 1996.