Criminological Theory Essay

Criminological theories ar logical facts, which help us in spirit and analyzing shame and their causes. Such theories are formed using statistics, case histories, decreed records and sociological field methods on pitifuls and their activities. Criminological theories are mainly center on crime and its causes. Many psycho criminologists had attributed crimes to ainity disorders, psychopaths, sociopaths, and antisocial psychealities. wound up disorders are generally considered as cause for crime, which are mostly grow in childhood experiences where the criminal attempts a suppressed wish or desire.These theories basically correlate crimes to the psyche of the offender, explains the causes and situation that motivates the offender. All theories agree to or so conclusion, a set of assumptions alike human behavior under sparing and social setups, elements of causation, etc. , based on which facts are interpreted and explained A person takes to crime basically to satisfy hi s or her demands at that position of time. These demands may be vary from material requirements like money, expensive items or even sustenance and lust. The demands on a person normally think on the environment they are brought up.It has been widely believed that poverty and slum are the breeding ground for criminals. Thus people from slums would take to criminal activities like robbery and murder to make a living and sustain themselves. This does non mean that they would refrain from crime once they get what they need. As of necessity are always on a recurring basis, they always have their needs to be met. Seeing the easy way of life, they hang on to it, even maintaining their criminal services for money. Though they may non be in slums any more than now, they graduate to being professional criminals. in addition crimes like drunken driving, drug abuse and sexual assaults are more associated with youth because the compulsion to seek them is more among the youth. The urge to s eek adventure, set about new things and the need for sex are very prominent among the youth. Crimes involving business community is more associated with economic and property offenses, forgery etc. Although the methods adopted in execution of their crimes may differ, the intention of all criminals is to get what they seek. Though personal requirements and unavailability to get them legally drive people to commit crime, the hesitancy or encouragement to commit crime varies widely.These are more underage on ones heredity and body dysfunction. A persons decision to take to crime or refrain from it, the extent and nature of the crime to be connected depends on their heredity, hormone process and neuropsychological disorders. Thus we see mentally affected people turning out to be psychopath killers, killing people mercilessly for no reason. Also the reason why people take to crime is significantly different between men and women. Gender plays an important role in the need and natu re of crime committed. Men and women have differing offence grade and offence patterns, both as offenders and as victims.The opportunities and capabilities of men and women for crime are different, which is reflected in their crime pattern. This crime committed for needs satisfaction may be analyzed by determining the needs of the criminal who had committed it. By correlating the crime committed, the risks taken and the gains sought would reflect how badly the criminal required it. These factors in turn would throw up other detail to profile the criminal. However it should be emphasized here that it is not doable for any single theory to fully and perfectly explain all(prenominal) crime or deviant act.A good explanation of the crime can only be got by incorporating various theories. It is unfortunate that criminological theories are never completely supported or refuted. While some(prenominal) empirical tests may support the theory some might offer partial support while the oth ers might refute the theory. Theories are whence evaluated based on their weight of evidence, as to whether a volume of tests support or reject the theory. Crime theories are generally not directly specific to crime causation, but helps to understand crime in a bigger perspective, by being more specific on behavior.

Adr: Village Panchayat in India

INTRODUCTION The present colony punchayet is a win some(prenominal) of local anesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic self-importance-G both everywherenment. The agreement has three objects. One is to make the sm only t gestaters better habituated with the example of franchise. The second is to relieve the Government from the details of the local affairs. The third is to let the volume hu cosmossage their own affairs. The panchayat organization has been integral go bad of the Indian hamlet trunk by means of with(predicate) ages. A small town is self contained microcosm, a composite peasant society representing different comm unit of measurementies and cultural hues.It does non harbor a bun in the oven irritant elements but represent an integrated culture, free volume to a great extent from the pe last- pop outrations of urban cultural varietys into the colonization bread and butter. The importance of village with its head man, c in al conduct gram mani, could be traced to Rig Vedic times and this head man figures in later Vedic literature as one of the jewels or Ratnas of the arrangement. The Decimal form of classifications of village into units of 10, 20 or 100 or 1000 is well cognize. According to Vinaya, heads of the villages ( g-forceikas) argon dry landd to be concourse in an fictionalisation of their own.Narada supervised the appointment of five stampaliseds in from each one village. The assure took full responsibility of unsophisticated development, particularly by constructing roads, backing up of markets etc. at that place were excessively references to village elders Gamma- vriddhas and Grama mahattaras the salient(ip) persons in the village being associated with village governance. An account of the punchayet dust comparing five persons (official and non official) in regularizes as well as in sub divisions is afforded by the inscriptions of the Gupta geological period.At the districtlevels, the Vishayapati or its head had a non official consultatory council representing different interest in the locality. These included the Nagara- sresthin- the chief banker representing the commercial interests the Sarthavaha or carvan the chief of the leader of the trading participation the Prathama kulika the chief of the head of the families or the community head and the Prathama kayastha the chief scribe or the official administrator. The c are of the council was sought in calculates of alienation of lands and other allied matters of the community interest.At the element (Vithi) and village level, in that respect was a council of non officials consisting of the Vithi- mahaattaras and the kutumbins, representing the elders and agricultural house holds, respectively. The kulikas represented the non official elements in an advisory capacity. At the village level, the Gramika or the head man and his council settled land dis rolles by fixing boundaries and they withal mentioned l aw and order. His advisory council constitutes the mahattaras the village elders and the Astha kuladhikarans the eight head of the families and other leading men of watch and status.The village elders in s break throughhern India were known as Mahajans and they regulated the socio- sparing life of the village and assisted equally in administration. The punchayet dodge was everyday in the urban context as well. The local eubstance was called Uttarasabha, Goshthi, Panchakula and a board of Sauvayika. The Panchakula signified a body of five persons who were appointed by provincial head. They deliberated in the town hall called Mandapika. The mission tell apartinged after correct realization of grant and rent from the endowed property.On May 15, 1989, Prime assure Rajiv Gandhi introduced a inbuilt amendment batting order in Lok Sabha. This was introduced to make Panchayat Raj in India a truly representative and politics issueive system. The bill could non get under on es skin law as it was non passed by Rajya Sabha. The bill was again introduced in the new fantan by Narasimha Rao government. This bill, the seventy third amendment profess, 1992, passed by parliament, was bought into effect on April 24, 1993. Madhya Pradesh was the commencement ceremony decease in in the land to comply with the heart and soul and letter of the act. Presently, in that respect are 2. 0 hundred thousands village Panchayats, 5500 Samities and 375 zila parishads. These institutions fool been switchn(p) statutory authority in many invokes for raising funds through taxation, cess, land and fairs. The 11th Five Year Plan has ambitious plans for Panchayati system recovers. These bodies exit take into account local aspirations, resources and would recommend programmes and methodologies to match them. The construct of Panchayati Raj is nothing new. It was the dream of Gandhi, the father of the nation, its occupy was stressed by Pandit Nehru, and it was repeated ly and forcefully advocated by Late Shri Jai Prakash Narayan. yet, unfortunately, for different reasons, not much top dog could be made for the realization of this ideal. Ever since Late Shri Rajiv Gandhi came to the helm of affairs in the country he repeatedly stressed the importance of Panchayati Raj. He formed his views on the subject by under-taking whirlwind tours of arcadian India to familiarize himself with the realities of pastoral life, by holding frequent workshops of District magistrates all over the country, and olibanum assessing their views and understanding their difficulties.As a result of this interaction with the batch and the administrators, his views on Panchayati Raj little by little evolved, his thoughts ware clarified and he could from his own plan of Panchayati Raj and place it onward the parliament with perfect self-confidence and case. He also sought to give it constitutional sanction by proposing to add a fresh chapter to the Indian constitution in the form of the 64thamendment, through the plug-in which he locomote in the parliament on the 15th of May, 1989.As a result of his limpidity of thought and major motiveful advocacy, the bill was passed with near unanimity, with only five M. P. s voting against it. Late Shri Gandhi forcefully and clearly unfolded the concept of Panchayati Raj, the urgent privation of constitutional sanction for it, and the salient features of his scheme for making it a reality. He pointed out that Panchayati Raj means taking body politic to the gross roots, it means get rid of of power, in the real sense of the intelligence service, to the people living even in remote villages and bringing even the weakest sections of society into the national mainstream.He told the honorable members of parliament that, Democracy was the great gift of our freedom struggle to the people of India. independence made the nation free. Democracy made our people free. A free people are a people who are governed b y their allow for and ruled with their consent. A free people are a people who participate in decisions affecting their lives and their destinies. Gandhiji believed that democratic freedoms call for to be founded in institutions of self-government in every village of India. He drew his dream and his vision from the Panchayats, the traditional village republics of India.Panditji established the institution of Panchayati Raj as the primordial instrument for bringing development to the doorstep of rural India. Indiraji stressed the need for the peoples participation in the processes of economic and social transformation. Yet, there can be no denying the fact that in most separate of the country, elections to the Panchayats have been ir regular. The Bill seeks to put an end to such delays and difficulties. The essence of commonwealth is elections. But elections to Panchayati Raj institutions have been most irregular and un trusted.A mandatory provision in the constitution is there fore unavoidable. A statutory provision in the state law does not quite have the same sanctity. The Bill yields for regular periodic elections of Panchayati Raj institutions. In the absence of any compelling provision to structure Panchayats in spite of appearance a reasonable period of time, by democratic elections, hang up Panchayats have remained hang for years and dissolved Panchayats have remained dissolved for up to a decade or even much. Their foundation has depended less on the mandate of the people then on the whim of state Governments.The bill leaves it to the state to determine the grounds and conditions on which Panchayats may be suspended or dissolved. The state Legislatures are to specify the grounds on which the regulator may suspend or dissolve a Panchayat. That is a matter for the Governor, acting in accordance with the constitution on the advice of the state Government. But dissolved Panchayats demand be reconstituted within a reasonable period of time. I t is the people who bequeath determine, within a matter of months, the shape of the reconstituted Panchayat.The Bill will ensure that Panchayati Raj has a democratic character similar to the Lok Sabha and the state Assemblies and physical compositional protection for their operateing as representative institutions of the people. The single greatest event in the evolution of body politic in India was the orderment of the Constitution which established democracy in Parliament and in the state Legislature. The historic, extremist Panchayati Raj Bill takes the place alongside that great event as the enshrinement in the constitution of democracy at the grassroots.Once democracy is accorded to the Panchayats the same sanctity as is enjoyed by parliament and the state Legislature, the doors will be open up for the participation in democratic institution to about seven lakh select representatives. In this way the power-broker, the middlemen, the vested interests will be eliminated. For the minutest municipal function the people have to run around finding persons with the right connections who would talk terms for them with the impertinent source of power.The system has been captured by the power-brokers who have established their vice- handle cope on it, only because democracy has not functioned at the grass-roots. Once the people have their own elected representatives from electorates as small as a hundred persons, the source of power will lie only as far away as the Panchayat Ghar, not in some distant state capital or even the more distant capital of the country. in that location will be direct elections to Panchayats at all levels. Every taker will have his own representative in the Gram Panchayat, the mid-level Panchayat. The representative will be responsible to small and recognized electorate. It hey fulfill the mandate of the people the re-elected otherwise the people will fortuity them out of office, power of the vote. In establishing the instit utions of democracy in Parliament and in the state Legislature, our founding fathers gave particular recognition to the disabilities suffered by the plan Castes and tribes. cookery was made for the reservation of seats for the thorough electorate. This is a principle which has not been incorporated in most of the Panchayati Raj legislations enacted by the state Legislatures. The democratic rights of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes cannot be secured by good intentions alone.It has to be secured in the first instance, by reservation in Panchayati Raj Institutions on the same basis as reservations are given in the Lok Sabha and the state Assemblies. The Bill makes it mandatory for the state legislatures to ensure reservation for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in proportion to their existence in the relevant Panchayat area. Also, there will be reservations in Panchayats at all levels of 30% of the seats for women. The presence of women in big(p) numbers in the Panchayats will not only make the Panchayats more representative but will also make them more efficient, honest, check and responsible.It is the strength of moral character which women will bring to the Panchayats. The Panchayats will have the power and authority to draw of plans within the framework of guidelines and conditions to be located draw by the state Government. These plans will constitute the basic inputs for the intend process of higher levels. This will ensure that the voice of the people, their needs, their aspirations, their priorities become the structure diaphragms of the edifice of planning. The second major responsibility of the Panchayats will be the carrying into action of development schemes assigned to them by the state Governments.These schemes should cover the major economic concerns of rural India, commencing with culture and land improvement and going on to irrigation. They moldiness comprise the diversification of the rural economy into animal husbandry, dairying, poultry and fisheries. They must incorporate industrial activity in rural India. They must look to the day-to-day concerns of rural India, housing, drinking water, fuel and fodder. The panchayats will also have the major responsibility for the administration of poverty-alleviation programmes.They would have to look to the education and culture, to wellness and family welfare, and to women and child development. Social welfare programmes for the weaker and handicapped sections would be the responsibility of the Panchayats. It is also proposed to give to the Panchayats the responsibility for the public distribution system which is so critical to the survival of the weakest and the poorest, as also to the general health of the rural economy. In this way development will be taken to the grassroots in rural India.The same concern must be extended to the developing urban and semi-urban universe of the country. To this end, a new chapter has been added to the constit ution. Urban Municipalities and corporations have been brought within the devil major questions have been raised repeatedly. Most reservations become a parliament feature of the Indian economic, educational and political scene? mustiness social disability, with the attached stigma of being a Harijan and and so being disallowed to enter the places of worship etc. continue for all times, privileges as their counterpart in the rural areas?Efforts have also been made to recast revamp and rejuvenate the cooperative movement, which Pundit Nehru always regarded as the essential compliment to Panchayati Raj. Our democracy has reached the stage where the full participation of the people stomach no further delay. Those who decry Panchayati Raj as an election stunt are only those whose feudal interest will be overthrown by the power arriver the people. The late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi said, We trust the people. We have credence in the people. It is the people who must determine thei r own destinies and the destiny of the nation.To the people of India let us ensure maximum democracy and maximum degeneration of power. Let there be an end to the power-brokers. Let us give power to the people. Salient features enumerated were 1. Panchayats shall be constituted in every state at the village, intermediate and districtslevels. At intermediate level population should hap 20 lakhs. 2. All the seats in a Panchayat shall be filled by persons chosen directly through the elections from the territorial constituencies in the Panchayat area. 3.The legislature of state may, by law, provide for the representation of chairpersons of the Panchayats at various levels district, intermediate and village. The chairpersons may or may not be chosen directly from election from territorial constituencies. They shall haveright to vote in Panchayat meetings. 4. There shall be proportionate representation according to the total population of Panchayat area reserved for scheduled castes an d scheduled tribes. One- third of the total number of seats shall be preserved for women. The office of the chairperson shall also be likewise be reserved. . Term of each Panchayat shall be 5 years unless it is dissolved earlier. This will apply to Panchayats constituted forrader the 7third amendment act. 6. The legislature of a state may, by law, endow the Panchayats with the power to do plans for economic development and authorize them to bill, collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees and the power to provide for grants-in-aid from the consolidated fund of the state. 7. The governor of a state, after every 5 years, will constitute a finance commission to review and examine the financial position of the Panchayats.He will also determine the principles for the distribution of the net proceeds of the taxes and tolls between the state and the Panchayats and will measure for the improvements of the financial positions of the Panchayats. 8. The governor shall appoint a sta te election commissioner whose tenure and service conditions will be decided by the state legislature. The state election commissioner will be responsible for the preparation of the electoral rolls and for the conduct of all elections. 9. The furnish mentioned above shall apply to union territories as well.The administrators shall be empowered in the same manner as the governors of the state. 10. None of the afore-mentioned provisions would be applicable to scheduled and tribal areas, to the agglomerates area of Manipur, to the states of Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram, to the district of Darjeeling in west Bengal to the Darjeeling Gorkha hill council. 11. Finally, the 73rd Amendment Act provides for the addition of Eleventh schedule Article 243 G. This includes 29 areas like agriculture, land improvement, minor irrigation, animal husbandry, women and child development etc. senior SYSTEM OF THE VILLAGE PANCHAYAT AND ITS DECAYIn the pretty old time there were village Panchayats i n India. They were very powerful organizations. They were virtually ruling over the village according to the customary laws. During the Mughal period the village Panchayats remained unaffected. Because the Mughal Emperors and the Mughal Chiefs were satisfied with the compendium of revenue and taxes. They did not trouble about the local administration. But during the British period the Indian village Panchayats were completely inactive and runied. Because the British administration was very strong and was penetrating into every nook and corner of the country.The British Government founded the system of union-president to know the view of the public. But the union presidents compete into the hands of the thana officers. Hence the old panchayat system was completely ruined. Panchayati Raj in Pre British Period. The word panchayat is derived from the word pancha panchasvanusthitah, has references in to the existence of Grama Sanghas or rural communities. The institution of Panchayati Raj is as old as Indian civilization itself. It was in existence since ancient periods, having an effective manipulate over civil and judicial matters in the village community.The Rigveda, Manusamhita, Dharmashastras, Upanishads, Jatakas and others, refer extensively to local administration, i. e. the panchayat system of administration. In the Manusmriti and Shantiparva of Mahabharata, there are many references to the existence of Grama Sanghas or village councils. The earliest reference to panchayat is derived from the word Pancha, that refers to an institution of the five (pancha panchasvanusthitah) is found in the Shanti-Parva of Mahabaratha, pancha and panchavanustitah are semantically mean to panchayat.A description of these village councils are also found in Arthashastra of Kautilya who lived in 400 B. C. Arthashstra gives a comprehensive account of the system of village administration prevailing in his time. During this period, the village administration was carried under t he supervision and control of Adyaksha or head. There were other officials such as Samkhyaka accountant, Anikitsaka veterinary doctor, Jamgh karmika village couriers, Chikitsaka physitian. The village headman was responsible for ensuring the collection of state dues and controlling the activities of the offenders.In Ramayana of Valmiki, there are references to the Ganapada (village federation) which was by chance a kind of federation of village republics. self-importance-governing village communities characterized by agrarian economies existed in India from the earliest times. It is mentioned in Rigveda that dates from approximately 200 B. C. The village was the basic unit of administration in the Vedic period. The most curious feature of the early Vedic polity consisted in the institution of pop assemblies of which two namely Sabha, and the Samiti deserve special mention. A Samiti was the Vedic class Assembly that in some cases njoyed the right of electing a king succession th e Sabha exercised some judicial functions. Both the Samiti and Sabha enjoyed the rights to debate, a privilege unknown to the frequent assemblies of other ancient people. The office of the village head man (Gramani) indicates the outlet of the village as a unit of administration. In the later Vedic period, the Samiti disappeared as a democratic assembly while the Sabha sank into a peg body corresponding to the kings Privy Council. In the course of time, village bodies took the form of panchayats that looked into the affairs of the village.They had the powers to enforce law and order. Customs and religion elevated them to the spiritual position of authority. Besides this there was also the existence of caste panchayats. This was the pattern in Indo Gangetic plains. In the south, the village panchayats generally had a village assembly whose administrator body consisted of representatives of various groups and castes. These village bodies, both in the matrimony and south India, h ad been the pivot man of administration, the centre of social life and above all a focus of social solidarity. In the Mouryan period, the village was the basic unit of administration. liquidationrs used to organize works of public utility and re foot, settle disputes, and act as trustees for the property of minors. But, they had not yet evolved regular councils. The village council appeared to have evolved into regular bodies in the Gupta period. They were known as Panchamandalas in central India and Gramajanapadas in Bihar. These bodies negotiated with the government for concessions and settlement of disputes. The inscription of Chola dynasty shows the construction and functions of the village assembly and their executive committees.The village administrations were performed by the elected representatives forming village council. During the medieval and Moghal periods, village bodies were the pivot of administration. In the Moghal period, particularly in the regime of Sher Shah, t he villages were governed by their own panchyats. for each one panchayat comprised of village elders who looked after the interest of the people and administered justice and impose punishment on defaulters. The head man of the village, a semi government official, acted as a coordinator between the village panchayat and the higher administrative hierarchy.Akbar accepted this system and made it an indispensable part of civil administration. In this period, each village had its own panchayat of elders. It was autonomous in its own sphere and exercised powers of local taxation, administrative control, justice and punishment. The Moghals introduced elaborate administrative machinery with a hierarchy of officials, particularly in the field of revenue. The Moghal local administrative system lasted over centuries. It was with the collapse of the Moghal strong hold, the British established their hegemony in India. British PeriodThe British came to India as traders, and before long establis hed an inroad into the cultural nexuses of the land. The elemental focus of the British Raj was much to do with trade and little to do with governance and development. The local governments were hardly their first priority. In fact work on the advent of the British rule in India, the rural republic had flourished and thrived. With the egress of the British Raj in India, panchayats ceased to play a role that it once played. But, local self government as a representative institution was the creation of the British.In the initial eld, the interest of the British was limited to the creation of local bodies with propose members. These bodies were built around trading centers. Thus in the year 1687, a municipal corporation came to be formed in Madras. Set up on the British model of town council, this body was empowered to levy taxes for building guild halls and schools. As time passed, similar bodies were set up in other major towns and this model became prevalent, helping the Britis h exsert their taxation power. This model continued to comprise nominated members with no elected elements what so ever.It was Lord Mayo, the then viceroy of India (1869 to 1872), who felt the need to decentralise powers in order to bring about administrative efficiency and in the year 1870 introduced the concept of elected representatives in the urban municipalities. The revolt of 1857 that had put the imperial finances under considerable strain and it was found necessary to finance local service out of local taxation. Therefore it was out of fiscal compulsion that Lord Mayos resolution on decentralization came to be adopted. The Bengal Chowkidar Act of 1870The Bengal Chowkidar Act of 1870 marked the beginning of the revivification of the traditional village panchayati system in Bengal. The Chowkidar Act empowered district magistrates to set up panchayats of nominated members in the villages to collect taxes to pay the chowkidars or watchmen engaged by them. Ripon Resolution (18 82) Lord Ripon made remarkable contribution to the development of Local Government. In 1882, he abandoned the existing system of local government by the officially nominated people. According to his local self government plan, the local boards were split into smaller units to achieve greater efficiency.In order to ensure popular participation, he introduced an election system for the local boards. The government resolution of 18th May, 1882, stands as a landmark in the structural evolution of local governments. It provided for local boards consisting of a large absolute majority of elected non-official members and presided over by a non-official chairperson. This is considered to be the Magna Carta of local democracy in India. This resolution proposed the establishment of rural local boards where 2/3rd of whose membership was composed of elected representatives.He brought in the concept of self-government in urban municipalities. He is treated as the founding father of urban local government. Ripons resolutions followed a series of Committees, steerings and Acts in this line. The Royal Commission on Decentralization in 1909 elaborated further the principles of Ripon resolution. But this remained just on paper. Ripons scheme did not make much be on in the development of local self government institutions. Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 In this backdrop, Montagu Chelmsford emends were passed in the year 1919.This reform transferred the subject of local government to the domain of provinces. The reform also recommended that as far as manageable there should be a complete popular control in local bodies and the largest possible independence for them, of outside control. By 1925, eight provinces had passed village panchayat acts. However, these panchayats cover only a limited number of villages with limited functions. But this reform could not get much result as far as democratization of panchayats was concerned and lead to a lot of organizational and fi scal constraints. Government of India Act (1935)This is considered as another important stage in the evolution of panchayats in British India. With popularly elected government in the provinces, almost all provincial administrations felt duty bound to enact legislations for further democratization of local self government institutions, including village panchayats. Although the popular government in the provinces governed by the Congress vacated office following the answer of Second World War in 1939, the position as regards local government institutions remained unchanged coin bank August 1947, when the country attained independence.Even though the British government did not have interest in the village autonomy, they were forced to do so, in order to continue their rule in India and moreover to meet financial necessities. The Indian rural republic had flourished till the advent of British. It received a set back during the British rule. Self contained village communities and the ir panchayats ceased to get substance. They were replaced by formally constituted institutions of village administration. In the highly centralized system of British rule, village autonomy seems to have lost.PANCHAYATI RAJ IN INDEPENDENT INDIA The task of strengthening panchayati raj system fell on the Indian government formed after independence. It was clear that India a country of villages had to strengthen village panchayats to strengthen democracy. Mahatma Gandhi who strongly believed in Ggrama Swaraj pleaded for the transfer of power to the rural masses. According to him the villages should govern themselves through elected panchayats to become self sufficient. But surprisingly, the draft Constitution prepared in 1948 had no place for Panchayati Raj Institutions.Gandhi severely criticized this and called for immediate attention. It is thus, that panchayat finds a place in the guiding Principles of the severalise Policy. Article 40 of the Directive Principles of the State Polic y states that the states shall take steps to organize village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them function as units of self governments. The most important aspect to strengthen grass root democracy was neglected by the Constitution makers as Directive Principle of State Policy is not legally binding on the governments.The first organise effort to tackle the problem of rural India was made through lodge Development Programme in 1952 and National Extension Service in 1953. The programme was based on an integrated approach to the various aspects of rural development. The objectives were to promote self help and self reliance among the rural people, to go a process of integrated social, economic and cultural change with the invention of transforming social and political life of the villagers. Community Development Programme was launched in 55 selected blocks.The programme was based on an integrated approach to the various aspec ts of rural development. The programme made provisions for appointing Block Development Officers BDO and Village Level Workers V. L. W. This programme was intended to bring socio economic development of the rural masses on democratic lines, but failed to take off along the expected lines due to the absence of an effective instrument for peoples participation. Balwantrai Mehta Committee Balwantrai Mehta Committee was the first Committee set up in 1957 to look into the problems of democratic decentralization in independent India.The Committee was asked to cross on community development projects. The Committee made far reaching recommendations in the direction of democratic decentralization and rural reconstruction. It pointed out that the community development program was not successful because it failed to evoke local porta and that in the absence of local initiative and local interest, development would not be possible. The committee laid down five fundamental principles. 1. There should be three tier structures of local self government bodies from village to the district level and these bodies should be linked together. . There should be honest-to-god transfer of power and responsibility to these bodies to enable them to discharge their responsibility. 3. Adequate resources should be transferred to these bodies to enable them to discharge their responsibilities. 4. All welfare and developmental schemes and programmes at all three levels should be channeled through these bodies, and 5. The three tier system should assist further devolution and disposal of power and responsibility in future.The committee envisaged three tire system of panchayats known as Zilla Parishad, Panchayat Samiti and Gram Panchayat and recommended encouragement of peoples participation in community work, promotion of agriculture and animal husbandry, promoting the welfare of the weaker sections and women through the panchayats. For the first, time the Committee made recommendations f or co-opting of two women who are interested to work for women and children. However, like the rest of the male members, women were not to be elected but were to be co-opted.The recommendations of the Balwantrai Mehta Committee came into effect on 1st April 1958. Rajasthan was the first state to carry through it on 2nd October 1959. By mid 1960s, panchayat had reached all parts of the country. More than 2,17,300 village panchayats screen over 96% of the 5,79,000 inhabited villages and 92% of rural population had been established. There was enthusiasm in rural India and people felt that they had a say in the affairs affecting their daily life. These were considered as the promising days of Panchayati Raj Institutions in India.The report of the Ministry of Community Development had stated in 1964-65 that younger and better leadership was emerging through Panchayati Raj Institutions and there was a jolly high degree of satisfaction among the people with the working of the panchayats . The recommendations of Balwantrai Mehta Committee were enforced by many states in the country. Till the mid sixties, Panchayati Raj system flourished in India. But there was decline in Panchayati Raj Institutions after the mid sixties mainly because of centralized tendencies of functioning all over the country.The elections were not held regularly and the participation of people weakened in these bodies. Inefficiency, corruption, favoritism, uncertainty and irregularity led to their decline. Most of the development programmes were kept out of their preview. Centrally sponsored schemes were initiated parallel administrative bodies were created and government reduced funds considerably. During the period of national emergency, bureaucracy got the focal ratio hand and these institutions lost their significance. The village panchayats were made subordinate units of government to implement its programmes.Ashok Mehta Committee (1977) In this backdrop in 1977, the Janata government a ppointed a Committee with Ashok Mehta as chairman and was entrusted with the task of enquiring into the causes responsible for the poor doing of Panchayati Raj Institutions. It was also asked to suggest measures to strengthen Panchayati Raj Institutions. The committee suggested two tire system of Panchayati Raj consisting of Zilla Parishads at the district level and Mandal Panchayats at the grass root level as against three tier system suggested by the Balwantrai Mehta Committee.The committee recommended constitutional protection to the Panchayati Raj Institutions and further decentralization of power at all levels. THE give SYSTEM OF VILLAGE PANCHAYAT The present system of village Panchayat has been introduced by the Government of India. It is according to the Directory Principles of the Indian Constitution. Accordingly, a Panchayat form for every group of villages. This Panchayat consists of a President or Sarpanch, Vice-President or Naib-Sarpanch and some members. The Sarpanch is directly elected by the voters. The Government has assigned certain local taxes to Panchayat for its maintenance.The Government bears the deficit. The Government does many of its welfare schemes through the village Panchayats. The Government is encouraging the Panchayats to work better. The best Panchayat is awarded a rich cash-prize to found an industry in the Panchayat area. These village Panchayat elect some Panchayat Committee. They are connected with adalat Panch and the Zilla Parishad. The Village Panchayats are elected once in every three years. DUTIES The Panchayat is to look after the village and its welfare. It works out the Government welfare schemes. It collects taxes from the villagers.The village Panchayat has a secretaire to help the Panchayat in its work. The Secretary is a Government servant. The Panchayat manages some village institution. THREE horizontal surface SYSTEM It envisages Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samitis at the block level & Zila P arishad at the district level. a. Village Panchayat Consists of elected representatives of the people. social station varies from 5 31. Seats reserved for SC, ST, women, etc. Chairman is elected from among its members, known as Sarpanch. The Panchayat is accountable for all its actions to the Gram Sabha, the general body of villagers. Gram Sabha consists of all the adults residing within the jurisdiction of the Panchayat. It exercises general supervision over the working of the Panchayat & lays down necessary guidelines for its working. b. Block & Panchayat Samiti The block, consisting of 20 60 villagers is administered through a Panchayat Samiti, consisting of indirectly elected members of village panchayat. The chairman of Panchayat Samiti is called Pradhan. c. Zila Parishad It is the top level of the 3 tier structure. cull its chairman from amongst its members who is known as the District Collector CONCLUSION The system of Village Panchayat is a good thing.It is an elected b ody. The villagers can vote out the Panchayat office-bearers if they do not work satisfactorily. But the villagers should co-operate with the Panchayat in working out all their welfare programmes. BIBLIOGRAPHY WEBSITES www. greenwood. com www. wikipedia. com www. legalserviceindia. com www. westlaw. com BOOKS Law Relating to arbitrement and CONCILLITATION IN INDIA, by Dr. N. V. Paranjape Law Relating to arbitrament and CONCILLITATION IN INDIA, Lexis Nexis Law Relating to ARBITRATION and CONCILLITATION IN INDIA, by C. K Takwani Law Relating to ARBITRATION and CONCILLITATION IN INDIA, by Avtar Singh

Marshall McLuhan’s Theory Essay

How might Marsh s constantly all in ally McLuhans supposition of hot and cold media be used to explain the surge of touch in mobile engineering science, especially text and imagine message? or so(prenominal) invention or technology is an extension or self-amputation of our physical bodies, and much(prenominal) extension also fills new ratios or new equilibriums among the otherwise variety meat and extensions of the body, Marshall McLuhan in Understanding Media (1964, p43). A comment which has whitethornbe never been truer than when understood with regard to a mobile mobilise. McLuhans theories restrain recently been minded(p) new life with the onset of the Internet however, they give the sack also be usefully applied to the massive explosion of mobile technology. Given it is a stylusrate which some whitethorn consider to be cool its impact on participation has been immeasurable.In todays party it is difficult to meet a person between the ages of fifteen and fifty who do non own a mobile border. ilk televisions, it is the electronic accessory of the moment and it is advancing fast. Only five age ago text messaging was in its infancy and non all phones falseered it jut out messaging was unheard of. Nowadays picture messaging is actually much here and already the technology has moved towards video messaging. roughly mobile phones would be more(prenominal) accurately described as accomplish held computers as the telephony is only a fraction of its capabilities and a great deal not even its main manipulation. As with most mobile phones the main function consumers use is text messaging.According to McLuhan in Understanding Media (1964) the climax of a hot explosive medium can cause drastic changes to politics and society. This can be seen in the effects that such technology has had on not only the telephone but the way muckle communicate in day to day life. However, when contrasted with a hot medium such as television or cinem a, text and picture messaging argon comparatively cool. They provide far little information and demand more participation from the receiver to fill in the gaps. Pictures received in messages are only small and very symbolic earlier than detailed. at that place is also only limited space for text and language is often limited to abbreviations and annotation. Of course when compared to the standard telephone, mobile technology is considerably hotter, however, in order to stay within McLuhans theory, and for the medium to cause such a change in society, one would assume that the medium itself would fill to be hotter.Such a change could be better explained and explored by the theories of Roland Barthes, particularly his writings on myths and semiotics. In a collection of articles authorise Mythologies (1973) Barthes explores practical objects and their heathen meanings. Examining such objects as cars and haircuts he scrutinizes the signifiers and signs that they contain. Barthes begins by qualification explicit the meanings of apparently neutral objects and then moves on to consider the affectionate and historical conditions they obscure (McNeill 1996). He examined cars, comparing them to Gothic cathedrals, due to their uses over and above their basic functions. Cars carry status and tell a chew about the person who owns them (Barthes 1973). Such meanings can also easily be drawn from mobile phones. Far more useful than assessing whether or not they are hot or cold, deeper more analytical conclusions can be derived from Barthes methods. By examining the semiotics of the medium its position in society and elaboration and its effects could be estimated. In Mythologies (1973) he argued that myth was a mode of signification.He argued that in myth, the link between the signifier and the signify was causeso that a culturally constructed sign becomes a signifier, thus allowing what is signified to become naturalised (Hartley 2002). Hartley goes on to apply this theory to brand named sports run and their attached meanings. Such an application could be used with mobile technology as not only are there legion(predicate) assorted mobile phones with different functions but many different brands. Nokia, in particular, as the apparently leading brand, has different model phones which contain different signifiers. somewhat appear fun and contain lots of features and gadgets others appear sophisticated and tonus sleek and small. Others exist for practical purposes for uses who are less curbn by mobile phone culture. Given the huge range of choice on offer, not middling by Nokia but all brands, the decision of which phone to purchase is an active one which takes serious contemplation. More can be said for a person who uses picture messaging. Society has not quite an r each(prenominal)ed a stage where its considered a necessity like text messaging so those who do use it are those who are particularly enkindle in the culture. More so as these phones and messages cost more it signifies how much specie a person has or at least how they prioritize their spending. More meanings could be drawn from how often a person uses their phone and how many different plenty they k forthwith who can accept picture messages.Barthes also wrote about Text itself and its semiotics, arguing that words are firm and can be used as political weapons, as they return been in post World War II politics. He charts the stolon of the moment of the text as 1968 (Hartley 2002). This seems to surrender affected the whole of society as people forthwith talk to each other less, preferring to e-mail or send text or picture messages. McLuhan has commented on discourse and text. According to a website confabed Marshall McLuhan spinning the web of the future, specifically, McLuhan feels that the scoop out way to convey information between two people is to maximise the use of the sensestherefore ancient oral civilizations appeared to have the greatest and most go across form of communication. That is not the written word, but the spoken. This has, however, been criticised by Miller (1971) who disagrees with this trust because he feels that valet de chambreity has evolved with technology and that this is not necessarily a dismal thing. The reality is that further technological advances have given humanity the great power to communicate using mediums that are essentially extensions of the spoken word.McLuhan expressed annoyance over the effects of technology and its result in the loss of human identity, although he did not see it as a bad thing, it was something to be maintained and supervised. His patronages could be justified, however, in that nowadays people talk to each other less, preferring to communicate by the written, or typed, word. Concern should probably not to be so extreme as to fear the breakdown of society but it has seriously affected how we communicate and what we now spend our money on. According to McLuhan in Understanding Media (1964) intense, hot media needs to be cooled off by our senses before it can be assimilated. Possibly then the cost of the text and picture message is that they are easier to take in on a sensory level. They are quick, take only seconds to read and economise and enough time is given to border the information between each message and response. Radio and cinema act as an assault on the senses demanding that attention be paid in order to take it all in, although few gaps need to be filled. In two-way communication, however, it allows the user time to consider their response and therefore reduces the risk of recording something which one may regret later.If we put together the two theories of McLuhan and Barthes it is possible to achieve compound critique of the phenomenon of mobile technology. Although much of what was written by, particularly McLuhan, has been excessively criticised, some disregard it all together, he makes some points which ar e useful when examining this landing field of contemporary media and technology. Using McLuhan to explore the more technical aspects of text and picture messaging, suggesting why it may be so popular. Due to its being hotter than a normal telephone it is likely to be the next step in technology and its convenience makes it so popular. Also fact that it is cooler than other direct forms of media and allows more time and less information for the brain to process ensures it is easier on our senses. Its very presence has caused an upheaval in our society and we have taken the next cultural and technological step in our ever progressing development.Barthes, on the other hand, we can look to for inspiration in analysing the cultural aspects of such communication technology and what it means. Using his methodology of examining mobile phones for signs and signifiers many conclusions can be drawn. As phones differ widely in path and in what features they contain each person can be judged o n the phone they own, or the phone they careed they owned. Someone who has a phone that looks good, rather than containing many features is clearly saying something about the way in which they insufficiency to present themselves. Furthermore, a person who cares less about how the phone looks and more about what it does suggests something else. Most phones which contain more features, particularly a photographic camera are usually larger and look less neat than those with fewer features. Phones that can be used to record short pieces of film or watch videos on are bigger still yet there are already people who own them. Such people may be looking for a phone with more functional value, as well as their having an interest in gadgets. That said, however, we can assume they realize intrinsic pleasure from showing a person what their, apparently less attractive, phone can do. We could also assume that such people wish to be ahead of technology and enjoy being one of the beginning(a) to own such items.Near enough all young people own mobile phones and few would deny that they gain pleasure and use from them. Texting has become a common, everyday form of communication one that did not exist during the lifetimes of Marshall McLuhan or Roland Barthes and it can be assumed that incomplete would have anticipated this surge in technology. Both would express concern at its immense popularity as it risks people becoming less extraversive and having less actual communication. Another side to that argument, however, could be that it increases human interaction, it just takes place in a different way. People can now contact their family, friends and acquaintances much easier and faster. To send a text message to say hello is far quicker and easier than making a phone call which could result in lengthy conversation. Whereas once a person may have decided against the phone call for that reason they will now send a text message. It is probably safe to say that, given that human beings are an innately social species, and indulge in conversation for pleasurable as well as functional purposes that if what they desire is a conversation then that will be sought above a text message.It is hard to predict where society and culture will go with this ever increasing technological development. In the next year or so we can assume that videophone will become much more popular and that mobile phones will continue to develop into small computers than phones. animateness in a century where convenience is emphasised and encouraged and our lives are busier it is likely that less face to face interaction will take place however with the help of the mobile phone we can void losing contact altogether.

Assessment for planning and sustainability Essay

? touristry is an integrated system where altogether the elements ar linked taking into account the relationships among touristry and economic, social, pagan and physical environment. In determine to develop Strathnagar settlement as a sustainable tourist and habitable terminus, a harmony is required between the needs of a visitant, the destination and the society. Tourism creates an incentive for environmental conservation, delivery of sensitive areas. in that location are m any(prenominal) examples from Scotland where touristry has promoted restoration and deliverance of historic sites also tourism encouraged conservation of natural resources.Loch Lomond and The Trossachs subject area Park created in 2002 and C gentle windngorm National Park created in 2003 were intentional under the national pose (Scotland) Act 2000. The master(prenominal) aim was to conserve, levy and promote the natural beauty and ethnical heritage for current and futurity generations. Transpo rt has been heavily blamed in the last few age because of fuel emissions. For this reason cycling has been promoted across the UK as environmentally chummy assault type by a charity called Sustarns. Since then every ordain 10.000 miles of cycle paths have been created to decrease the harm of environment. In Strathnagar colony on the bird sanctuary is a site of Special scientific occupy (SSSI) moldd by Scottish Natural Heritage. It is likely that this organization will have-to doe with and extend conservation and preservation works in the future if thither are sustainable developments involved in the settlement. However, there are a number of negative alludes on environment as a takings of tourism growth and activities interpreted by tourists. This includes erosions, pollution and wild life sentence gap.To pick at the harmful impacts in the area certain procedures should be taken in Srathnagar liquidation. line of credit owners should become members of Visit Scotland s Green Tourism Assurance Scheme. It aims to help worryes working in the hospitality sector compass efficiency and trade benefits by managing their environmental responsibilities. touring cars are coming to Scotland and natives are travelling around the farming, because of a desire to see the natural conniption and wildlife Scotland has to offer. However, ir amenable tourism and properly unmanaged sites lead to the destruction of biodiversity.Tourist activities impact luffly and indirectly on ecosystems. Indirect pressure on patternts and animals whitethorn result from increased aims of emissions of various trace-gases through leisure-related hex. Direct impact on the ecosystems would have if natural environments are put under strain when the Carrying capableness of the area or resource is exceeded. as well Through destruction of ecosystems and habitats, wearing of wetlands, unsustainable use of land, trampling, tent camps, etc. tourist go directly to the disturbance of ecosystems.85% of atomic number 63an coasts are at high or gibe risk from development related pressures as 2/3 of Europes tourism is based on coastlines. Coral reefs are the about vulnerable in the ecosystem, easily can be damaged from snorkelers and aqualung divers. In Trinidad and Tobago island massive developments have damaged beaches and destroyed the habitat of turtles where they invest their eggs. While in Jamaica unsustainable constructions has caused severe beach erosion due to the obliteration of sand dunes and also cause wetland destruction.The tourism sector as a whole, along with tourists should be encouraged to minimize any negative impacts and increase imperative impacts on biodiversity and topical anesthetic civilisations associated with their consumption choices and behavior, for example through spontaneous initiatives, information events, controlling the number of visitor and implementing work outs of conduct. Generally, every country wants to seduce tourists and generate as much income from tourism as possible. Tourism has been seen as a positively charged factor, it provides jobs and plurality have personal empowerment.In Strathnagar village tourism would allow to preserve and revive the cultures, traditions and crafts. Good example is Rumsiskes the open- air museum in Lithuania. It displays the heritage of Lithuanian boorish life in authoritative resurrected buildings where people lived and worked. The traditions, crafts and dances where revived that was almost forgotten. The money from Tourism and tourist aim helped to restore and guard it for the future generations. However, according to Doxeys irritation world power (1975) a four stage model of the slow decline in host visitor relations exists Euphoria (delight in contact)Apathy (increasing quietness with larger numbers) Irritation (concern and annoyance) Antagonism (convert and overt aggression to visitors) The most recognized negative heathenish impacts are cul tural degradation and trivialization, also when cultural events are turned into staged events that have direct adverse cause on traditional ways of life on the distinctiveness of local anaesthetic cultures. The specifys like Spanish Resorts and Caribbean Islands have become identikit resorts that have nonhing in common with traditional culture. Locals are basically annoyed by tourists as they lost the privacy and tranquility.People understand the benefits that tourism gives, but on the same time feel as they are losing the traditions and authentic culture. Benidorm reached precise stage- full physical automobilerying capa city is exceeded during the high season there is no accommodation and certain services available. Aboriginal or indigenous communities such(prenominal) as Australia, Masi Mara are transformed (in severalize to earn or so money) and requested to display significant cultural events for tour companies no social occasion the time and adequacy. Strathnagar is g oing to start at Euphoria stage community is excited about the new life.However, to avoid quick decline in host visitor relations community should control the number of visitors, restrict their behavior by extending the season, spreading the busy seasons and adapting the resources. Separate, reasonable size car parking should be provided in order to avoid visitors parking at locals windows. Most common negative impacts on socio- culture are tradition degradation, trivialization and when cultural events are turned into staged events. gibe to VisitScotland Statistics, Tourism in Scotland is worth approx ? 4bn, employs 9% of the workforce and pays more(prenominal) wages than oil, gas and whisky industries combined.Moreover it gives a chance for communities in rural areas such as Strathnagar village to have jobs and non to hear miserable from the place they have been living happily for since birth. However, Tourism not barely creates jobs in the sector, it also encourages growth in the primary and secondary sectors of industry. This is cognise as the multiplier do which is how many times money washed-out by a tourist circulates through a countrys economy. The money spent by a tourist in Strathnagar village for example in a hotel would help to create jobs directly in the hotel, also would create jobs indirectly elsewhere in the economy.If hotel buys food from local farmer, that farmer can spend some of this money on c big buckshes. The subscribe to for local products increases as tourists often buy souvenirs, which increases secondary employment. The multiplier effect continues until the money eventually leaks from the economy through imports the purchase of goods from other countries, tourists not spending money at the destination, tour operators sending tourists on all- inclusive package and leaving the great deal of profit at tourists generating country not receiving.In Thailand estimated that 70% of all money spent by tourists ended up leaving Thai land (via foreign-owned tour operators, airlines, hotels, imported drinks and food, etc. ). The positive fact is that the employment level will rise in Strathnagar village and the tourists will use the services and spend money. Direct jobs will be available for tour guides, housekeeping, catering staff, and gardeners. Indirect jobs for joiners, builders and induced- improvements in health and transport services. However there will arise and negative aspects such as low wages, no highly skilled jobs, no chance to keep younger generation.to a fault village could be highly affected by seasonality it is awkward to captivate tourists during the winter. Community might not get any support from council as it is a small and badly impacted by seasonality. There is a chance to extend the season or to attract visitors by launching traditional food, arts and crafts festivals and corporate events in Crafts and humanistic discipline Centre which might be a good way to minimize the seasonality. Dumfries and Galloway is a very popular tourist destination during the summer, but not so much in low seasons.The Art festival called rally Fling was launched to attract visitors and it is on every April. However, in order to defend the natural and make environments that tourism is dependent on, certain measures should be in place. Visitor Management is an approach that which aims to protect environment (social, environmental) while providing for visitor enjoyment. Visitor Management can be at the Micro level (national, regional, or area) or at the Macro level (settlement, site or attraction). There are many organizations across the globe that is considered as the main tools for sustainability and managing tourism.Historical Scotland helps towards conservation and preservation of cultural and historic buildings, landscapes and sites. Visit Scotland provides signage, code of conducts to minimize negative impacts, national designed National Tourist routes, issue trails for touris ts to navigate easily, increase the geographical spread and avoid unnecessary wandering. Also provides marketing, promotion to the area and encourage visitor behaviour through procreation and interpretation methods. Tourism Management computer programmes (TMPs) are designed to benefit visitor, place and host by adopting a multifaceted planning approach.National Parks aims to conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage and promote opportunities for the fellow feeling and enjoyment of the special qualities of National Parks by public. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) that aims to create the conditions for dialogue among civilizations, cultures and peoples, based upon respect for ordinarily shared values. It contributes to sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through program line, communication, culture and information.There are three main visitor management techniques used to suppress or minimize negative impacts from tourism developments Control Volume of visitors peg down numbers, encourage alternative visiting times, extend tourist season exchange Behaviour of visitors codes of conduct, interpretation, education Adapt resources harden footpaths, construct purpose built facilities (walk- ways hides etc) The visitor management techniques can be divided in to two following forms Hard measures occur when restricting physical and pecuniary on entry.(Parking fees, road closures, zoning, fencing, limited visitor numbers) Zoning and paid roadstead are common thing in big cities such as Moscow and London. Certain fees need to be paid in order to pass the bridge or enter other zone. Also hard measures are applied when during the festival or any other rejoicing the city centre is closed and any type of motor transport in not permitted. In Edinburgh that happens during the Hoghmoney when all action takes in the city centre. Soft measures associated with encouraging desired beha viours rather than restricting undesirable ones.(Education, interpretation, marketing and promotion) In Scottish Boarders Forest District the soft measures has been implemented to manage the tourists and minimise the impacts from tourism activities. Signposting for mountain- trail has been provided. The Osprey Visitor Centre offers a variety of information and education for people of different ages. A lot of illustrative material is offered. Local volunteers are integrated in the educational activities. Available rangers on site to help and give needed advice. In Strathnagar village it is recommended to apply soft measure management techniques through education and interpretation.The signage should be provided to direct and guide visitors in the area. Moreover the community should consider establishing the Visitor Information Centre where leaflets, guides and verbal advice could be given to visitors. Also it is recommended to provide car parking facilities in order to avoid conflict s with locals as visitors may park on locals driveway. There are plenty examples for educating tourism suppliers, tour operators and visitors on sustainable tourism practice Codes of Conduct for Visitors SNH outside access codeThe Code is based on three underlying principles and these apply equally to the public and to the land owners Respect the interests of other people Care for the environment Take responsibility for your own actions Responsible access can be enjoyed over most of Scotland including urban parks, hills and woods, beaches, lochs, rivers and canals. VisitScotland Responsible Visitors make It is a guide for visitors to follow the simple steps to play the fragmentize in caring for our outstanding natural environment, fantastic wildlife and rich cultural heritage whilst supporting the local communities along the way.Codes of Conduct for tourism Suppliers godforsaken Scotland Wild Scotland produced Responsible Professional Wildlife Watching guide in order to provide a safe, professional and responsible wildlife watching experience for the tourists. VisitScotland Sustainability team up There is a clear mandate for VisitScotland to help drive sustainability at heart the tourism sector in Scotland. This is provided by the Scottish Government sparing Strategy and the Tourism Framework for Change, and is reflected in the VisitScotland Corporate Plan 2010/13.VisitScotlands Sustainable Tourism Strategy 2010 2015 provides a clear rationale and plan for delivering our aspirations for sustainable tourism over the next five years. We will contribute to a more sustainable future for Scotland through taking direct action on issues under our control and playing an influencing role where this is not possible. This will include support for the implementation of sustainable tourism strategies at the national and local level. Business events programmeThe National Funding Programme complements the International Funding Programme and plays an integral role in underdeveloped domestic tourism across Scotland. By supporting events which take place outside the cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, EventScotland is also growing Scotlands wider events portfolio which forms the backbone of our events industry. Guidance Booklets The Business Waste Guidance Booklet is provided by VisitScotland for tourism businesses gives for tourism suppliers more detailed information on waste management and how to reduce your business waste.Tourist Signposting in Scotland- the purpose of this document is to explain which visitor facilities may be eligible for Tourist Signposting in Scotland and how to apply. Tourist Signposting is a fundamental part of providing a welcome for our visitors. In determining who is eligible for Tourist Signposting accreditation, VisitScotland uses Quality Assurance schemes to ensure that our visitors are directed to facilities that offer a consistent quality experience. ConclusionThere are many positive and negative impacts on environ ment, socio- culture, economy from tourist activities and generally the travel and tourism industry. Tourism providers need to bear in mind that they are responsible for the damage the irresponsible tourism does and ensure that the experience for the visitors will be provided in sustainable and less harmful way Strathnagar is beautiful village with loads of potential to develop a sustainable tourism destination with a help of organizations involved.

British Airways- Case Study Essay

The scenario upon which this makeup is based relates to the British Airways Swipe Card w exclusivelyoping case believe from the textbook, Managing Organizational alternate A Multiple stance Approach (Akin, Dunford, & Palmer, 2009). The purpose of this paper is to analyze and discuss the organizational reposition associated to the fulfilation of a unused mulct control board system that tame to strike of over 250 British Airways check-in lag, losing 40 million pounds and negatively effecting the companys reputation. Additionally, this paper racetrack relate the case count to several modify approaches (organizational growing, sense-making, agitate management, contingency, and processual) and identify key issues. Additionally, this paper will examine the case ruminate from my perspective, as if I were a employ throw consultant for British Airways responsible for providing advise and tri exclusivelyes on how to stay off this image of situation. Additionally, as a limiting consultant, I provide my recommendation as to what possible transform approach or combinations of a spay approach would afford been best to use for the swipe visor channelize initiative. salmagundi Perspective and Key IssuesPrior to going into world satis pee outy to effectively provide advise and recommendations on this case study, it is first most-valuable to discuss aspects of several(predicate) variegate approaches. Additionally, relate key issues of the swipe card debacle to these diversity approaches. With that, this section paper will focus on identify specific aspects of the following budge approaches and how these aspects relate to the case study organizational development, sense-making, change management, contingency, and processual.Organizational Development ApproachThe organizational development change approach is a well thought through and good planned change approach that focuses on rung development. Additionally, one of the key aspects to th e organizational development approach is the importance placed on the bespeak to form groups and squads, which work together to form the key focus for change (Akin, Dunford, & Palmer, 2009). Unfortunately, this very important characteristic of organizational development approach was rightfully non used as part of the change approach for the swipe card implementation. For instance, if groups andteams were created to form the key focus for the change, none of the 250 check-in provide were invited to participate.Sense-making ApproachThe sense-making approach is very similar to Kurt Lewins organizational change model. At a high-level, this model has three primary stages known as Unfreeze (identifying where the company is at, in relation to purlieual change and organizational structure), Change (period of time where the change is being made), and Refreeze (change is complete and the organization has imbed the change within its culture) (Levasseur, 2001). However, there is one slig ht difference with the sense-making approach, in that the second stage is more the roughly rebalance where the organization balances the extraneous environs with its internal environment. An example of a key issue associated to this from the case study is the situation that it appears those responsible for the Future Size and Shape recovery program, did non take the first stage into thoughtfulness. More specifically, the group did not accompanimentor in how the company was still recovering from environmental changes such as, 9/11, Iraqi war, and SARS. Additionally, did not consider if this was the right time for this type of change.Change Management ApproachThere are several incompatible change management approaches but the one focused on within this paper is the change management approach Ten Commandments approach, developed by Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Barry A. Stein, and Todd D. Jick. In the book, The Challenges of Organizational Change, Kanter, Stein, and Jick elaborate on wh at they believe to be the necessary stairs to effectively implement change within an organization. One of these steps, which is something that was not execute in the swipe card debacle, is the step to create a shared out vision. turn the Future Size and Shape project team may stick had a shared vision of the swipe card change, this selfsame(prenominal) vision was definitely not shared by the 250 check-in stave. fortuity ApproachSimilar to the change management approach, the contingency approach has many an(prenominal) different variations. For instance, one of these approaches is categorized into the following four ideal types unequivocal (change intervention, directed by leading and is typically driven by the charter to implementquickly and abruptly), engineering (change agent, who also acts as an analyst implements the change along with those who designing the change to process and systems), teaching (third party consultants work with internal staff to assist with identif y new ways of mathematical process and is change intervention that is a long-term plan), and socializing (democratic approach that is a gradual change process approach) (Huy, 2001). Each of these approaches are acceptable but may not all work in every type of situation. For instance, within the British Airways case study, it seems as though the project team chose to utilize the commanding approach for the implementation of the swipe cards. The check-in staff were completely resistant to not only the swipe card change but were also resistant to the actual approach taken to implement that change.Processual ApproachSimilar to the sense-making approach, the processual approach also looks at the relationship of external and internal environments. However, with the processual approach, it focuses on the constraints and opportunities of both environments. Within the case study, the project team did not take into consideration how the external environment impacts the internal environment a nd how the internal environment also effects the staff. For instance, the staff being on edge and untrusting of change was a result situations and changes both internally (one forth reduction in staff) and externally (environmental jolts like inroads on its markets from work out competitors). The combination of these situations, led to the staff being fearful and overreacting to the possibility that the new swipe card process could lead to another reduction in staff.Change ConsultantAs a change consultant for British Airways, I would provide the following list of lessons learned from the swipe card debacle lack in including those directly affected by change can lead to staff being uncomfortable and uncertain about a change lack of taking internal and external environments into consideration is not fully understanding the cumulative effect that these have on the staff taking a commanding approach to implement change can lead to staff disagreeing with the way a change is being manage d and lack of communication and gaining buy-in on change can led staff to believe that the change could have negative downstream impact.In holy order to prevent this in the future, I would advise them to take a different approach by having staff be more involved with projects and hold them as part of the project teams. Additionally, allowing the staff time to absorb the fact that there will be changes in the future and giving them a platform to be able to wonder questions. In addition to providing the staff a platform, leadership also needs to encourage the staff to ask questions and ensure them that there will not be any recoil for those who do have questions about the change. Lastly, as a change consultant, I would emphasis the importance viewing the organization from a birds-eye view (meaning that leadership the context of the situation from an internal and external perspective). If they would have stepped back and looked all the external and internal factors prior to impleme nting the swipe card change, they may have seen that implementing change over a holiday weekend might not be the best time, they might have identify staff object lesson being low due to internal reduction in force, and the fact that the company was struggling to recover from other external environmental jolts.While there are many change approaches that may be equal for this type of change initiative, it is my opinion that the best approach for this change would have been to use the Ten Commandments change management process. The reason for this is that it would have end and possibly prevented the reaction that staff had towards the implementation of swipe card because this change approach includes creating a shared vision, involving staff, having the support of leadership and political sponsorship, and maturation an implementation plan (Barry, Kanter, & Jick, 1992).ConclusionBased on the information provided in the case study about the swipe card debacle at British Airways and c omparing key issues to various change approaches, it can be seen that there are many areas where management taken a different approach to the change. If a different approach was taken, it could have easily lead to a successful swipe card implementation versus the outcome that lead to the 250-check in staff, losing 40 million pounds and negatively effecting the companys reputation.ReferencesAkin, G., Dunford, R., & Palmer, I. (2009). Managing organizational change a multiple perspective approach (2nd. Ed). New York, NY McGraw-Hill Huy, Q. N. 2001. Time, impermanent capability, and planned change. Academy of Management Review 26(4)60123Kanter, R. M., Stein, B. A., & Jick, T. D. (1992). The challenge of organizational change. New York, NY Free Press. Levasseur, R. E. (2001). People SkillsChange Management ToolsLewins Change Model. Interfaces, 31(4), 71.

Philip Roth- writer of Defender of the Faith Essay

Philip Milton Roth was born(p) on March 19, 1933 in Newark, New Jersey to a start class upper-middle-class Jewish Family novels and make it the scenes t present. There are plastered stories that he wrote which talks about his family members and his birth life as well. His induce was an insurance of Austro-Hungarian stock. When he wrote Patrimony in 1991, he wrote this for his dad who is heretofore in his early eighties but in that particular accounting he portrayed his father as an eighty-six yr sexagenarian who suffered from a brain tumor. He venerates his family so much. And that particular novel win the National critics Circle award in 1992.(Bloom, 2003)Experience is the best instructor and those experiences should be put into words to produce nonpareil magnificent acetify that will mirror the past. An excerpt from one of his book says Between for the first time discovering the Newark Bears and the Brooklyn Dodgers at seven or eight and first looking into Conrads L ord Jim at age eighteen, I had done some evolution up. I am only saying that my discovery of literature, and fiction particularly, and the love affair to some degree hope slight, but still earnest that has ensued, derives in part from this childhood infatuation with baseball.Or, more accurately perhaps, baseball with its information and legends, its cultural power, its seasonal associations, its native au thenticity, its simple rules and transparent strategies, its longueurs and thrills, its spaciousness, its suspensefulness, its heroics, its nuances, its lingo, its characters, its peculiarly mesmeric tedium, its mythic transformation of the immediate was the literature of my boyhood. (Roth in My Baseball historic period, from Reading Myself and Others, 1975) hither we can say that the place he grew up and the experiences made him what he really is and clearly shows the readers what kind of childhood he has.He att finish Rutgers university from 1950-51 then transferred to Bu cknell university where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa and magna semen laude with a major in English in 1954. Then he studied at the University of lolly where he receives his M.A. in English then in 1955 he joined the army but sooner fulfill because of a back injury.He then continues his study at Chicago and naturaliseed there from 1955 to 1957 as an English teacher. He then dropped out from the Ph.D. programme in 1959 and started to write film reviews for the New Republic. Also in that year Goodbye Columbus won the National Book Award and was made into film here it was found on a family of a middle-class Jewish which clearly shows the authors technique that is experience based and observations about the Jewish way of living Roth is fascinated by the image of Jews behaving badly, but for him the physical deviance is sexual. He undermines the icon of the mensch, the Jewish unplayful-boy (buzzle.com).Portnoys complaint is also his work which became the number one best vender in 1969 and made a turning point in his career. present Portnoys approach to hedonistic Western culture is ironic. This work of Roth for around readers finds it offensive because of the sex scenes and the presentation of Jewish Mother was criticized. (Bloom, 2003)Jewishness is Roths major territory in examining the Statesn culture. Roth has more ironic and characterized as less loving views on Jews life. The readers can identify the writer with the obsession on fictional characters. In his works he increasingly wrestled problems of identity. Sometimes, he views his own life as part of his fiction. In his work The Plot against America (2004) an alternate hi written report in which the famous pilot Charles Lindberg is the 33rd chairman of the Fascist U.S Philip Roth is one of the characters suffering from his Jewish Background.When he experienced insulation from his wife whom he got married in 1990 distinguished actress Claire Bloom, their relationship wayback 1970 was ended in 1996 and made his wife publish a book for him authorize Leaving a Dolls House. We can correspond here that even his wife is using experience as a good source of thoughts and ideas in writing a book to clearly run ones emotion and point of views.(Bloom 2003)In his work protector of the Faith (1959) the social and critical circumstance shows us the passion of Philip Roth for his works. Here Roth shows us two stories at the same time, first is the story of Marxs recovery from war experiences and the other is his conflict with Grossbart. The author explores the struggle one man goes through in order to discover which value preponderate others. Marx is in a dilemma which should be first, a good sergeant, a good Jew or a good human being. As the story progresses, Roth allows us glimpses into Marxs recovery the parade ground at nightfall evokes childhood memories that reach deep into his heart to touch him subsequent, he begins to file for law school catalogs and to write old girlfrie nds. (ftp.ccccd.edu)From here we can see points of the author about the conflict between Marx and Grossbart. Although they are both Jews, Grossbart is trying to get a special(prenominal) consideration and privilege. What is difficult for Marx is that Grossbart raises questions that the army at that time never considers. Like why is it that Jews dont go worship on their Sabbath. Then Marx just dupes that Grossbart is not really a serious Jew.He just wants to manipulate the system which on the later part made Marx fight for his own sake. We can see that this work of Roth is full of complex irony. Sgt. Marx is the defender of faith which in fact should argue a staunch religious champion, but as far as Marxs role in the story he does it so against his will and against his aspiration but what made him motivated is to have an equal and fair handling to all his men and not to be partial to Jews.where unwillingly he became defender of faith to Grossbart.At the end of the story, however , when Marx has Grossbarts orders changed to the Pacific, the irony is that he becomes most truly a defender of his faith when he seems to be turning against it. You call this watching out for me what you did? asks Grossbart. No, answers Marx. For all of us.The cause of the wholly Jewish faith is set back when Jews like Grossbart get special favors for themselves, for other people will mistakenly attribute Grossbarts exceptionable qualities to the Jewish people as a whole. (Its called stereotyping.) Thus Marx is unwillingly a defender of the faith when he helps his fellow Jew, yet he becomes truly a defender of the faith when he turns against him (ftp.ccccd.edu).Roth justifies his social context about Jews in this story and made many people realize what the term Defender of the faith really means.Works CitedBloom, Harold Blooms Modern lively Views Chelsea House Publishers,Defenders of the faith Notes Defender of the Faithby Philip RothRoth, Philip My Baseball historic period fro m Reading Myself and Others Book, New York Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1975

Cari Story Essay

How can an contagious disease in Cari nasal passages and pharyns spread into her sinuses? The infection in Caris nasal passages and pharynx was able to spread into her sinuses ascribable to the sinuses being a drainage atomic number 18a for the nasal passages. What is the cough instinctive reflex? Describe the process that Caris respiratory system is using to chiseled her lungs by coughing. The cough reflex is used to clear sputum and irritants that are in the nasal passages and pharynx. There are cilia in her trachea that is base mucus up from the lungs. When the mucus becomes or abundant it triggers the cough reflex. Which structures tack in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Caris lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter matter? Macrophages found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli that normally would protect Caris lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter. How would the resistance of Caris airways be affected by exces s mucus and fluent in her lung? Excess mucus and fluid in the lungs would raise the resistance of Caris airways because of the small diameter the buildup would cause.The fluid would have some of alveoli under water where they could not function justly and there would also be more friction from the buildup. How would Caris lung contour (the effort required to expand the lungs) be altered as her alveoli interest with fluid due to pneumonia? Lung compliance would increase from trying to force gases into and forth of the alveoli. Those are filled with fluid due to the pneumonia. How would fluid in Caris lung affect her total lung capacity? Fluid in Caris lungs would cut her total lung capacity by not allowing the space that is taken up by the fluid to be filled with air. How does the elevation of Caris respiratory rate alter her minute ventilation? Elevation in her respiratory rate would alter her minute ventilation by raising it. twinkling ventilation is determined by times ing respiratory rate by total volume. Normal simple eye oxygen saturation levels are great than 94 percent Caris blood oxygen saturation level was 90 percent at the time of her exam and an initial arterial blood gas analysis done when she was admitted to the hospital revealed her arterial Po2 was 54mmhg. How do these clinical finding relate to the internal respiration in cari body?

Human Rights Problem

On May 21, 1999, a local driveway construction company, Dumez Limited, attacked a group of peaceful protesters with clubs, daggers, axes, machetes, and other dangerous weapons. tension began to arise when on April 26, 1999 the company began destroying newly planted crops of local farmers in the Ogoni kingdom of Gokana. They did so with let on paying adequate compensation for the crops or carrying out an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the road project, as required by outside(a) environmental standards. On May 8, 1998, a Human Rights Defender, Olisa Agbakoba, was arrested at Murtala International Airport in Lagos.The arresting officers were members of the Security Force, an agency of the Nigerian goerning body. No reason for his arrest was given. This arrest was preceded by an earlier flirt in March 1998 where he was attacked and arrested by members of the Nigerian Police when he tried to speak at a pro-democracy rally in Yaba, Lagos. On January 8th and March 23rd of 19 98, Batom Mitee and Barileresi Mitee who ar brothers of Ledum Mitee, President of the elbow grease for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), were arrested. No charges were ever given for their arrests.Batum Mitee was kept detained for several(prenominal) weeks without having entrance fee to his lawyers, his family, or a doctor. On January 18, 1998 he was brought before a judge who decl bed that the case was not within his competence because of its policy-making character. Mitee was later transferred to a military hospital because of the beatings and ill treatment inflicted by the military. These incidents of brutality and harassment are unless a few examples of the ridicule by members of the police, security forces, and Nigerian government and how it remains to be a persistent merciful rights problem.There are numerous underlying factors that summate to the problem of forgiving rights in Nigeria. One the major factors is that of religion. Religious differences a goo d deal correspond to regional and ethnic differences. For example, the northern region is overwhelmingly Moslem, as are the large Hausa and Fulani ethnic groups of that area. many an(prenominal) southern ethnic groups are preponderantly Christian. About half the estates race trust Islam and about 40% practice Christianity.Approximately 10% practice completely traditional indigenous religions or no religion at all. Many persons practice both elements of Christianity or Islam and elements of an indigenous traditional religion. Consequently, it is difficult to blot ghostly discrimination from ethnic and regional discrimination, which is pervasive. Although the government has never illegalize proselytizing, it go bys to discourage and criticize it in the public eye(predicate)ly because it believes that it stimulates religious tensions.Both Christian and Muslim organizations allege that the Ministry of Foreign Af mean(a)s and the Immigration De infractment restricted the foun ding into the boorish of certain religious practitioners, particularly persons suspected of intending to proselytize. Consequently, Nigerias constitution prohibits state and local governments from adopting an official religion. Though Nigerian law prohibits religious discrimination, it is common for government officials to discriminate against persons who practice a religion various from their own, notably in hiring or awarding contracts.There have been authenticated reports of harassment of Christian committals by local government officials in predominantly Muslim regions. In April and again in August 1998, the local council of Lafia, in Nasarawa State, reportedly ordered the closure of a Protestant Christian deputation church in connection with a dispute about the missions title to the land. In March 1998, State Security overhaul officers detained and interrogated the missions pastor. The mission sought to convert members of the generally Islamic Kambari ethnic group.The la ck of concern for the environment and the citizenry that it affects has also been a major concern in the struggle for serviceman rights. Since 1958, vegetable oil companies such as Shell have exploited oil wealth in the region of the Ogoni bulk. As a consequence, they have suffered extreme economic loss and the environmental devastation of their land. Since Shell began drilling in Nigerias Niger Delta, it has spilled oil on farmland and in water sources, bulldozed across farms and flared gas just meters from Ogoni villages.The wad of Ogoniland suffer extreme health problems from the air and water pollution. The Nigerian military has played a significant role in the keep persecution of the Ogoni. When the Ogoni began to demand environmental evaluator, villages were attacked, villagers were killed and their leader was executed by the judgment of a military court. Shell has even admitted to paying the military, which brutally silences voices crying for justice from the governm ent of Nigeria and Shell, along with other multinational oil corporations.Shell is scarcely one of many multinational oil corporations operating in Nigeria. Mobil, Chevron, and Texaco are also found in Nigeria, operating as partners of the Nigerian government, as required by Nigerian law. Shell is certainly not the besides Oil Corporation that abuses its money, power, and feeling of superiority over the people of Nigeria. The countrys population of about 120 million is ethnically diverse, comprising more than 250 ethnic groups, many of which speak distinct primary languages and are arduous geographically.There is no majority ethnic group. The three largest ethnic groups are the Hausa-Fulani of the north, Yoruba of the southwest, and Igbos of the southeast, who together make up about two-thirds of the population. The fourth largest group, the Ijaw, has a population of approximately 12 million. Societal discrimination on the basis of ethnicity is widely practiced by members of a ll ethnic groups and is evident in close sector hiring patterns, de facto ethnic segregation of urban neighborhoods and a continuing dearth of marriage across major ethnic and regional lines. There is a long explanation of tension among diverse ethnic groups.Although the countrys successive constitutions all have prohibited ethnic discrimination by the State, northerners and particularly Hausas have long been predominant in the national government, including the military officer corps. Tradition continued to impose considerable pressure on individual government officials to favor their own ethnic groups and ethnic discrimination persisted.Resentment of northern domination of the Government aggravated by the intermission of federal decentralization under the Abacha regime and resentment of Igbo success in private commerce, have contributed to ethnic and regional tensions. Possibly the most moot issue within Nigeria is that of the governmental structure of the government. Since Nigeria received its independence from Britain, in 1960, thither has been conflict in regards to the military and authoritarian system of government that existed.The citizens of Nigeria have longed for a elected system of government that included themselves as active proponents. Nigeria became a Republic in 1963 and Nnamdi Azikiwe was made the President of the national Republic. In January of 1966, some Igbo army officials staged a coup detat to overthrow the government, who were primarily Hausa, because they objected to the population census. They felt it over estimated that number of people in the northern region thereby giving them a big representation in the federal parliament.They succeeded in killing many of the elderly officers but Azikiwe was not harmed. As a result of the attempted coup, the government promised a progressive program, a return to civilian rule find out by alternatives, and vowed to stamp out corruption and violence. Though idealistic in theory, these p romises were never realized. Instead, it became the common practice of the government to consider democracy, but continue to practice authoritarian rule. Nigeria would bear witness to numerous coup attempts over the next three decades, most involving the renewal to democracy.It wasnt until the death of Sani Abacha, mayhap the most famous President of Nigeria, in June 1998 that civilian rule would be realized. A new transition program was established that would lead the country back to democracy by Abdulsalam Abubakar, the man chosen to replace Abacha. afterwards a series of elections, Olusegun Obasanjo was declared the new and current, democratically elected chairman on May 29, 1999. At the end of May 1999, Nigeria completed its transition from authoritarian rule to a formal democracy.A number of Nigerian groups have managed to create strong institutional structures, with narrowly defined mandates and intimate staff structures as well as program plans. While there are still grow ing pains within many of these groups, this fictitious character of planning process has resulted in the Nigerian humanity rights communitys being far ahead of its anglophone neighbors in putting human rights institutions into place. The meaning for Advanced Social Sciences (CASS) was formed in 1992 and is based in mien Harcourt, Nigeria. CASS is a think tank concerned with improving management and public policy in Africa.It has a control board of Trustees and is governed by an international Board of Directors. The Civil Liberties Organization (CLO), established in 1987, is one of Nigerias largest human rights organizations. The CLO is a non-governmental organization destiny up for the defense and expansion of human rights and civil liberties. It investigates human rights abuses and campaigns through litigation, publications, and communications with the government on behalf of people whose rights have been abused. Another human rights advocate is the Constitutional Rights Pro ject (CRP) that was set up in 1990.Their aims are to ensure that Nigerian legislation conforms to international standards, monitor institutions whose activity impact on the rights of citizens, and to provide legal avail to victims of human rights abuses. The cry for human rights reform in Nigeria hasnt fall on deaf ears from those of the international community. On November 12, 1998 the 53rd session of the General company of the United Nations (UN) met to discuss the situation of human rights in Nigeria. The General fictionalisation reaffirmed that Nigeria is a party to the International Covenant on Human Rights and thereby making it a Member State.All Member States have an duty to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms. The Nigerian government was powerfully encouraged that the establishment and strengthening of national structures and institutions in the field of human rights are of the utmost importance for the promotion and protection of human rights in Nig eria. The sanctions imposed on Nigerian government by the European Union, the community and the government of the United States of America were to be lifted in short of the progress made towards the restoration of democratic government and respect for human rights.The Nigerian government in its transition to democracy was applauded for its establishment of the freelance National Electoral Commission and the issuance of a detailed timetable for the election process. Overall, the UN General Assembly was satisfied with the progress of the Nigerian government in its transition to democracy. Nigeria has seen some very turbulent times in its history as it relates to democracy and human rights.Democracy consolidation, which appears to be the most immediate challenge for the human rights movement in post transition Nigeria, ordain require forward thinking and cohesive action on the part of the human rights community. It has been clearly demonstrated that in Africa relatively free and f air elections observed by international monitor and elaborate handing over ceremonies entrust not necessarily bring about genuine democracy and a human rights culture. Civil society organizations will have to work step by step to expand the democratic space and rebuild the institutions of civil society.The long long time of military dictatorship have decimated these institutions and virtually erased the rule of law fit in to AFRONET Reports. Though politicians glibly vocalize democratic jargon, it is still evident that democratic values and attitudes are not yet commonplace in the political class. Also, among ordinary Nigerians, popular mentalities need to castrate the people have baffle accustomed to not expecting anything but the worst from their leaders in call of political leadership, economic management and respect for civil liberties and human dignity.The second-rate Nigerian has been driven by economic hardship to adopt a survivalist mode of life in which he or she is p reoccupied with access to the bare necessities of life and does not demand or expect right or respect for human rights from their leaders. The Nigerian government, though its history is not favorable, is making sincere efforts to overwrite its history. But unless the human rights community and the people they represent adopt a more positive attitude towards its government, change can not be realized.