Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Ethics and Abortion Essay

Nicky was 18 when she started dating with James. They had unprotected premarital sex. After a few weeks, she found out that she was pregnant so she asked an advice from her doctor. She wasn’t ready for a baby yet. She still had her ambitions in life and she didn’t want to give up her social life. So she and James decided to abort the baby (â€Å"Real Life: Abortion (Nicky’s Story),† 2003). Yes, you read it right. In this time of one-night stands, premarital sex and unwanted pregnancies, abortion has become a common resort from responsibility. Abortion is the removal of an embryo or a POC (Product of Conception) from the uterus. Basically, there are two types of abortion: the spontaneous abortion and the induced abortion. Spontaneous abortion is the type that is caused by accident and/or by natural cases. It can also be caused by environmental factors. On the other hand, induced abortion is caused by human action. It is further categorized into therapeutic and elective. Therapeutic abortion is the act of removing the fetus from the uterus for reasons of safety and/or survival in the part of the mother, to preserve the mother’s health, to terminate pregnancy that would result in a child born with congenital disorders, and to selectively reduce the number of fetuses to lessen health risks regarding multiple pregnancies. Meanwhile, elective abortion is the kind of abortion performed for any other reason. There are two different but parallel theories regarding abortion—the consequential theory and the deontology theory. The consequential theory believes that an act is morally right if and only if it contributes to the common good(Williams, 1973. ). It outrightly supports abortion—may it be therapeutic or elective. In therapeutic abortion, if the mother life is at risk in having the pregnancy, then the consequential theory allows for such action. If having a baby destroys a person’s future career, then abortion is okay. Consequential theory denies that moral rightness depends solely on the anything other than the consequences (B. Hooker, 2000). Nonetheless, what makes this morally wrong is not the abortion itself but the consequences it may bring to the mother such as emotional trauma. Consequential theory ignores all morally relevant factors to the consequences as opposed to whatever the circumstances there may be(Mill, 1861). However, deontology theory asserts otherwise. Deontological ethics or duty-based ethics does not consider an act as good or evil per se but classifies the action as it is being performed or on the process of performing devoid of prejudice or pre-established ethical principles. It judges morality by evaluating the nature of the actions and the will of the person involved rather than what is achieved(Kay, 1997). It is also known as nonconsequentialism. Deontological judgment depends on the object or original nature of the act. It typically involves two important elements, prerogatives and constraints. Prerogatives deny that one should always choose the option with optimistic consequences and constraints place limitations on the actions that the person may do in order to bring about his own personal good. Thus, from the deontological parlance, abortion, because it takes away life, upsets nature’s way of creation, and denies the natural capacity of a woman to give birth, is objectively and intentionally malicious, although it could be justified in extreme cases which would merit for an exception. These two theories, in essence are different but somehow, they are compatible with each other. They do not really contradict each other, rather, they are analogous. Analogous theories are truly and essentially different but necessarily contradictory with each other in principle but they could have similar effects or conclusion per application that is why they are analogous—partly the same, partly different. In the present society, most women view abortion consequentially. They justify abortion by consequences it may cause. Let’s take Nicky’s situation as an example. Nicky believes that the abortion of their baby is right mainly because it was not yet the right time for them to have a baby. If she were to continue with her pregnancy, what would have happened? She would have lived a miserable life—not having a job or a career and tied down with a baby. What if her boyfriend James left her? Could she find another man who would readily accept her despite her past? There were lots of things to be considered—school, financial stability, and emotional stability. These and a lot more questions ran through Nicky’s mind before she decided to go with the abortion. Obviously, it is not easy to try to confuse one’s conscience. But if we look at it closely, it is a matter of rights. Women’s rights. Everybody makes mistakes. Nicky did a mistake by engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse with her boyfriend. Nevertheless, continuing the pregnancy could also be a mistake. Abortion, when we look at its consequences, is not a mistake. According to the Women’s Rights, â€Å"women have the right to bodily integrity and autonomy†. Whether or not the woman decides to resort to abortion of the fetus inside her body, it is her right to decide on that. Aside from that, women also have the right to parenthood and marriage. Women who have committed abortion should not be discriminated by the society. True, it is not such a nice image but hey, women are humans. Women have rights—equal rights—and dignity(â€Å"2006,† Human Rights Watch).

Why Our Life Is Being Dominated by Technology?

————————————————- Our life is being dominated by technology. This is a good trend. Modern technology has solved many problems that people face and play an important role in the development of many countries. Modern technology has solved many problems that people face and play an important role in the development of many countries. Modern technologies create many kinds of products – computers, cloning technology, and video games etc. Technology today has made life better and quicker.In our modern society, people can't see themselves without computers, cell phones, voice mail†¦ etc†¦ As we look at technologies, questions are risen. The Technological progress make our society more convenient and safe. Making impossible things possible are similar features of the change which previous people have experienced by social change, like shifting from a hunting societ y to an agricultural society and establishing a commercial society due to the invention of new tools.To consider these advantages and change of society, modern technology, which we use today, might be not only a new tool but also the tool, which makes a dramatic change in history. However, the contribution of modern technology to society should not be eliminated and should be distributed evenly. Some positive aspects of technology * It makes our work easier. * We can use it for entertainment. * It saves our time. * It provides information about new things. * It develops the country. ————————————————————————————Conclusion At last I would like thank my teacher subash sir for giving this kind of project work. I would also thank to my parents for helping me to do this project work. This kind of project work will increase our mind. ——————————————————————————————– Remarks * Excellent ( ) * Very good ( ) * Good ( ) * Bad ( ) Why Our Life Is Being Dominated by Technology? ————————————————- Our life is being dominated by technology. This is a good trend. Modern technology has solved many problems that people face and play an important role in the development of many countries. Modern technology has solved many problems that people face and play an important role in the development of many countries. Modern technologies create many kinds of products – computers, cloning technology, and video games etc. Technology today has made life better and quicker.In our modern society, people can't see themselves without computers, cell phones, voice mail†¦ etc†¦ As we look at technologies, questions are risen. The Technological progress make our society more convenient and safe. Making impossible things possible are similar features of the change which previous people have experienced by social change, like shifting from a hunting societ y to an agricultural society and establishing a commercial society due to the invention of new tools.To consider these advantages and change of society, modern technology, which we use today, might be not only a new tool but also the tool, which makes a dramatic change in history. However, the contribution of modern technology to society should not be eliminated and should be distributed evenly. Some positive aspects of technology * It makes our work easier. * We can use it for entertainment. * It saves our time. * It provides information about new things. * It develops the country. ————————————————————————————Conclusion At last I would like thank my teacher subash sir for giving this kind of project work. I would also thank to my parents for helping me to do this project work. This kind of project work will increase our mind. ——————————————————————————————– Remarks * Excellent ( ) * Very good ( ) * Good ( ) * Bad ( )

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Hlten515B Implement and Monitor Care for Older Clients: Dementia

HLTEN515B implement and monitor care for older clients Written assignment 1 There are many different forms of dementia and each has its own cause. Some of the main type of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease, which is the most common form of dementia affecting 50%-70% of dementia patients (Alzheimer's australia, 2005). This is a degenerative illness which attacks the brain, this is achieved buy tangles which are in the middle of shrunken brain cells and plaques which eventually cause the brain cells to die meaning information can no longer be recalled or assimilated.There are also other types of dementia which include vascular dementia which is caused by circulation of the blood to the brain, Parkinson’s disease which is a disorder of the nervous system, Lewy-bodies dementia which is caused by the degeneration and death of the nerve cells in the brain and Huntington disease which is an inherited brain disease effecting body and mind. There are many support services out ther e to aid in dementia, although many people may be unaware of these services. There is also a significant impact on family and others.The early signs of dementia are subtle and vague and may not be obvious. These may include progressive and frequent memory loss, confusion, personality change, apathy and withdrawal, loss of ability to perform ADL’s, not being able to learn new information or follow direction and irrational behaviours (Dementia – diagnosis and early signs). Sometimes people do not recognise symptoms of dementia. They often assume that these indicators or behaviours are a normal part of the ageing process.There are many associated health problems when dealing with patients with dementia these may include constipation, changes in vision, changes in hearing, Infection due to a person's health which can deteriorate very quickly due to a chest or urinary tract infection (UTI), dental problems, foot problems that are commonly associated with diabetes, elderly p eople with diabetes don’t always take all measures when dealing with adls, pain and poor nutrition. The uses of communication strategies are extremely important when dealing with a patient with dementia.These strategies may help with relieving distress, agitation and challenging behaviours. Strategies when dealing with dementia patients may include, â€Å"introduce yourself at each encounter, use touch as appropriate, try to determine the cause of the behaviour and then try to reduce or eliminate it. These behaviours may be caused by boredom, which you would try and use activities as a distraction, Pain which we3 will try non-pharmacological treatment first e. g. : heat packs, Anxiety where we will use reassurance and diversion.Often using a soft approach such as smiling, pleasant voice tones while talking calmly in short sentences will help defuse a situation. There are many community services out there to aid dementia patients these may include community nursing, meals on wheels, homecare, home modification, Alzheimer’s Australia, commonwealth centerlink centres, carers association, counselling, ACAT and respite care. Dementia has a huge impact on not only the lives of them self’s but also the family and carer.Watching the person you love degenerate from a fully functioning person to some one that needs to be fully cared for. As a carer, you are likely to experience a range of different feelings. This is particularly difficult because as dementia gradually causes the person’s abilities and personality to change the nature of relationships will also change (better health). The carer and family may have feelings of guilt, as is quite common to feel guilty.Another main feeling a carer or family member may have is anger, which is natural to feel frustrated and angry. You may be angry at having to be the caregiver, angry with others who do not seem to be helping out, angry at the person with dementia for difficult behavior, and angry at support services. Bibliography 8 Health Problems Associated with Dementia. (n. d. ). Retrieved from aged carer : http://www. agedcarer. com. au/topic/aged-care-health-issues/8-health-problems-associated-with-dementia Alzheimer's australia. (2005). what is dementia.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Water quality method for chemistry lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Water quality method for chemistry - Lab Report Example The materials used in the experiment included the surface water test kit. The kit was from Hach Company. While conducting the experiment, safety procedures were fundamental; since the water was hazardous, protective clothing such as globes was important (W.H.O 114).   The test kit contains all materials required to perform the experiment, for example, reagents for testing chlorine content in water (Sturman & Kuruvilla 77).   There are other materials such as test tubes to put the surface water before adding reagents to test for various parameters.   With the help of a Grab sampler, collection of water samples was easy.   After collecting the water sample, appearance evaluation was present to determine the color, turbidity and presence of organic materials.   From the sample, odor was determinable via wafting.   The amount of dissolved oxygen in water was determinable via adherence to procedures from the test kit (W.H.O 116).   A PH meter from the test kit indicated the level of PH in the water sample.   The recording of water temperature was possible by following the test kit directions.   The nitrate test entailed additions of zinc sulfanilamide to the water sample and the results recorded.   The Hach kit aided determination of ammonia plus chlorine by following instructions from the Kit.   All the results from the tests were in records by all members of the group (Sturman & Kuruvilla 78). Observation of the water sample indicated clarity with small amounts of suspended solids. The water was clear, meaning that there was no color.

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Creating a Learning Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creating a Learning Organization - Essay Example The learning organizations have flatter organizational structures, cross-functional teams, supportive organizational culture and commitment to excellence (Belasen, 2000). Proper leadership will facilitate a learning culture that enables the employees to remain creative and innovative thus facilitating the implementation of new ideas and suggestions in the organization (Belasen, 2000). Leadership is essential in encouraging creative learning through intellectual stimulation and encouraging innovativeness of their followers. Leadership enables the employees to continuously expand their knowledge and skills in creating desirable results for the organization. Employees are capable of attaining personal mastery of their skills and assist their workmates in meeting their job performance expectations (Mello, 2014). Leaders act as motivators by communicating optimism and addressing the concerns of employees in creating a learning organization. The leader is capable of communicating the shared vision powerfully and managing any obstacles that may hinder the attainment of the vision (Achua & Lussier, 2010). Leadership plays a role on implementing mechanisms of nurturing creative ideas for innovation through providing an environment whereby employees can learn from their past mistake and implement new perspectives in solving problems. Leadership builds the confidence and capacity of the employees to adapt to changes in the organization. Leaders are expected to provide their followers with opportunities to solve problems within their business units in order to build their confidence and develop pride for their success (Lussier, 2012). The familiarity with the change and learning process enables the organization to respond to threats and opportunities and appreciate the importance of flexibility and adaptation in the organization. The leaders encourage experimentation whereby all subordinates are expected to contribute ideas. The leadership

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Lower Divison Capstone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lower Divison Capstone - Essay Example These new ventures are being opened in the lesser developed urban centers of Australia. Basic legal environment They are the factors associated with the legal environment of the firm. In Australia, there have been many changes in the legal framework of the firm such as increase in minimum wage, introduction of disability and age discrimination legislation and greater requirements of the firms to keep the standard requirements by the Law. These changes have helped JB Hi-Fi to be up to standard in offering the best services to the customers. It has also facilitated it new projects that aim at expanding the customer reach (Porter, M., 1998). Social environment Demand for a firm’s product depends on the social trends in a country, the willingness and availability affects the rate of demand. In Australia, like any other developed country, the population is aging because of increasing life expectancy and low infertility. This has resulted to very few people with the age below fiftee n years and being a threat to the company because the market is stagnant (Porter 1998). Economic environment These include taxation changes, interest rates, exchange rates, inflation and economic growth. Demand for a certain firm’s product may rise because of an increase in national income. Investments are always discouraged by increase in interest rates. Wage demand may be proved by inflation because overall demand drops. Taxation leads to increase in price because an increase pushes the price upwards thus discouraging demand, this call for new strategies to dominate the market such as starting up new ventures in other regions (Richard 2002). Managerial, operational and financial operations of the company Project management Project management defines the following: business and project goals and objectives, project purpose, scope and expectations, constrains and assumptions, roles and responsibilities, expectation and scope, project management, project budget, ground rules o f the project, the conceptual of the new advanced technology and project timeline. Many objectives and goals have resulted from implementation of this quality project by the management. These includes: market dominance, healthy competition, availing quality products at low cost, encouraging remunerations which enhances effectiveness and the ability of staff to perform their job, increases the security of the data and provides a flexible, open, reliable base for the future (Disaster Recovery 2011). Critical paths and Contingency planning In a project plan, a project schedule is the main plan included in any project management. The main purpose of project schedule is bringing project time, quality and cost under control. It also helps in linking resources such as time and task. Once the project manager has efforts estimates, work breakdown structure (WBS), he/she is fully equipped for project schedule. The risks involved in any project are avoided and analyzed by the project schedule; the Critical Path Methodology (CPM) comes in because it is one of the elements of the schedule network analysis together with Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM) (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011).

Friday, July 26, 2019

Religious Engagement in Peace Building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Religious Engagement in Peace Building - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the world is a heterogeneous collection of religions. Every religion teaches humanity certain lessons that guide the individuals in numerous aspects of their lives including domestic, social, financial, political, peace building and many more. Religious values and teachings have a gigantic impact on shaping up a society’s cultural and intellectual principles and practices. One’s sovereignty, independence, and liberty are dependent on religious directions. It is the faith that educates the followers about the differences between the acceptable actions and immoral deeds, prevention from several problems, uncertainty that man confronts in every facet of his life and the comparison between the holy and sacrilegious matters. The world history has brought this appalling truth into limelight that majority of the fierce and ferocious events of the past come under connection with religion. The similar fact applies to the current g lobal situation as well where most of the riots and violence have come under linkage with faith. On the other hand, it cannot come under ignorance that religion has played a commendable and phenomenal role in peace building, resolving conflicts and settling down volatile issues. As religion actually outlines all the important and substantial affairs of one’s life, it intensely and genuinely comes under involvement in influencing the followers’ notion and idea of conflict and peace building and its maintenance with respect to religion.... This can come under performance through a detailed study of relationship between religious ideas and peace building actions (Bellamy, Williams and Griffin, 2009, pp.12-15). The crucial cause of religious based conflicts is that the followers have incomplete knowledge of their faith and thus due to misconceptions they consider aggression, violence and hostility as an inevitable move offered by religion. Furthermore, in a region where denizens are not under proper and adequate security and are suffering from frustration due to terrible social or political scenario consider violence as a possible solution and think that this will make them heard by the government (Kaplan, 2007, pp. 123-126). However, this is not right but lack of religious understanding and violent streak in a hot-blooded lot begets to conflicts that would have come under refrain if people had correctly comprehended the religious guidance or the suggestions of religious teachers and representatives. Instead, they choose a destructive option of violence on cost of the respect and reputation of their religion and fall short in noticing the possible peaceful alternatives provided by their religion itself (Kaplan, 2007, pp. 123-126). People of diverse religious backgrounds residing in either a common or a defined place and practicing their religious rituals and ceremonies can be a cause of violence and discrepancies. However, one cannot shut his eyes to the reality that religions have gargantuan and mammoth potential for solving these intensified issues. Peace building mission can come under execution successfully by following the religious teachings in this

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Nacerima Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nacerima - Essay Example Nacirema Nacirema is a community living in North America and is known to conduct weird body rites or ceremonies. These rituals are conducted at everyday basis of their lives. Due to this habit enshrined in their customs and traditions, members of the Nacirema community are necessitated to institute a separate room in their homesteads as it will enable them to conduct their body rituals clandestinely within the comfort of their houses. Each room for conducting the rituals has a designated container that is meant for storage of magical equipments and concoctions. These are believed to be of significance for existence and well being of individuals. Available sources posit that the Nacirema possess a lot of magical equipments and concoctions that sometimes render them difficult to comprehend the aim of some of them (Minner, 2002). They are only kept for the conviction and credence that they will provide safety for the members of the family. According to Brent and Lewis (2013), â€Å"Amo ng the daily rituals is revolting, which is the practice of inserting a small bundle of hog hairs into their mouth, along with magical powders, then moving the bundle around in a series of highly formalized gestures† (60). ... It is evident that a lot of customs and traditions practiced by various communities at times emerge as uninformed, irrational, and disgusting or unpleasant to other cultures. Since time immemorial, there have been debates and discussions on the ways and manners in which groups of people should view and comprehend other people’s customs and traditions. It is important to consider the fact our fascination and interest in our customs and traditions results to us viewing it as normal. When people are too much fascinated with their customs and traditions, they view it as the true and correct manner of living that should be a force to reckon with. Nanda & Warms (2007) asserts that individual members of a certain community with distinct customs and traditions, we are prone to examine and scrutinize our customs in comparison with the traditions of other communities or societies. In doing so, individuals fall short of identifying and comprehending the importance of actions and deeds as well as constituents of other customs and traditions. Why some cultures look odd In many cases, some customs and traditions practiced by various communities may seem odd to us. For instance, some customs and traditions in Africa appear odd to Americans. This is because, being a developed nation with civilized ways of life, we forget that our ways of life are different from other nations or societies. Since America is regarded as the most powerful nation in the world, we assume that other people from other countries must emulate us. Though to some extent some of our ways of life have greatly influenced others, it is difficult for some communities to completely do away with their conventional practices. Therefore, since we are so used

The Retributivist and Utilitarian Theories for Justification of Essay

The Retributivist and Utilitarian Theories for Justification of Criminal Punishment - Essay Example The matter of penal sanctions, therefore, became an issue among legal theorists; apparently, there comes a point when the penalty is too harsh as to itself be disruptive of the social peace, or that the penalty is too inconsequential that offenders do not think twice about transgressing the law. In order to create effective penal laws, the philosophy and purpose behind the punishment should be examined and their merits and shortcomings understood. Of all frameworks that have been proposed, two stand out in particular in penal theory, namely the retributivist and the utilitarian theories. Retributivism and Utilitarianism There are four fundamental justifications behind criminal punishment: retribution, deterrence (including incapacitation), rehabilitation, and protection of society (Hagan, 2010:103). Deterrence means that punishment serves to warn possible future offenders and inhibit them from committing crimes. Rehabilitation aims to reform or resocialize the criminal into law-abidi ng and compliant members of society. Protection and upholding of social solidarity is simply what it expresses – the protection of society and reaffirmation of social solidarity and values. These three justifications fall under utilitarian theory, because they deal with the effect of the criminal deed on society and to maximize the good such punishment can provide for the greater number, the community (Yacoubian, 1998). Retribution, on the other hand,â€Å"is a moral motive for punishment, not simply a utilitarian one† (Hagan, 2010:103). In this purpose of punishment, the fundamental aim is to restore justice to those who had suffered as well as to society as a whole. In retributivism, neither the future conduct of the offender nor the future impact on society are significant in determining punishment (Yacoubian, 1998) Hagan describes it quite appropriately as society’s equivalent for the individual’s revenge. In the pre-modern age, a person wronged by a crime is entitled to seek vengeance to right the wrong done to him. Modern legal theory assumes this role for the individual, and takes the crime to be an offense not only against the individual but against society itself. Victims of the crime may not pursue their own revenge, but allow the state to pursue, on its behalf and theirs, the penal act that restores the balance of justice. An example of retributive justice is the hunt for and punishment of Nazi war criminals. Such punishment may not significantly serve such purposes as deterrence, protection of society, least of all rehabilitation. However, there remains the public outrage throughout the years that such criminals had gotten away with their war crimes (Hagan, 2010). There is a need to inflict some suffering on the criminal commensurate to the crime done, for the simple reason that justice must be restored. This is the crux behind retributive justice (Haist, 2009). Virtually ignored during the first three quarters of the tw entieth century, retributivism again assumed dominance as the underlying theory of the criminal justice system (Ackerman, 2011:220). What had prevailed for the greater part of the 20th century was Utilitarianism as the overriding theory in criminal punishment. According to Mills (1938), â€Å"Utilitarianism is the ethical doctrine that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall utility.† Utility here is understood to mean the good (also called â€Å"happiness†

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Multi Channel Merchandising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Multi Channel Merchandising - Essay Example "Super" shoppers, as they are identified in the report, are more likely to be customers of all three channels and purchase four times more frequently online than the average online shopper. "Super" shoppers purchase from a retailer's store 70% more frequently than the average store customer and 110% more frequently from the retailer's catalog. The study reports that reaching the "super" multi-channel customer is primary to a retailers' success. Retailers face big risks if they don't support their online channel. Significant levels of cross-channel purchasing were reported. Online shoppers were found to be the most active, with 78% purchasing from both the Web site and the brick-and-mortar store. Among those with a preference, 73% of store shoppers prefer to research their purchases online. Store shoppers in the 35-44 age group were 24% more likely to look for or purchase items in-store that they previously had seen on a retailer's Web site. Shoppers with household incomes between $75,000 and $99,999 were 55% more likely to browse online before buying. Multi-channel retail excellence remains elusive. Many retail executives readily acknowledge that they are far from realizing rewards from true multi-channel integration. Discussions with retail executives showed a wide range of sophistication levels across a number of important business areas. Some retailers have received buy-in from senior executives and are measuring Return On Investment (ROI) in an advanced way -- using tangible revenue results and intangible factors. Other retailers are just beginning to take ROI issues to senior executives and are struggling with internal conflict over...Of course many a housewife would tell you shopping is more than purchasing a need or a want. It is an experience in itself. The concept of retail therapy is not a new one and will probably be never out of fashion. The Wall street learnt what these housewives knew already in the dot-com bust. The learning which came out this was that net would continue to be an effective tool in retailing but it was not necessarily a either/or proposition. All companies needed to have a presence on the net and other areas to reach a new market of customers. A Key report came out in 2001 after the dust settled on the dotcom bust2. The summary of it was as follows: The majority of retailers looking at ROI in an advanced manner have history behind them-they tend to be catalog retailers, and according to this research, their importance to the future of multi-channel retailing excellence is crucial. According to a report by the Interactive Media in Retail Group (IMRG), the industry body for e-retailers, online spending rose to 4.2 billion in July, up 80 per cent year on year. While this is great news for a retail industry blighted by poor high street sales, such surveys provide only a top line view of consumer behaviour. Without doubt, this surge in online activity denotes growing consumer confidence, despite escalating fears of identity theft and poor online security.

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Discovering Mathematics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discovering Mathematics - Essay Example This situation contributes to gender disparity in labor force. However, the government of Oman is currently implementing non discrimination policies in recruitment processes in the public sector. As a result, the number of women hired in government departments is steadily rising. Currently, women consist of about 30% of the government workforce. With this figure, public sector still provides more employment opportunities to women than men (Al-Azri, 2012). Hence, this research examines the gender question in the private sector employment. It compares the number of male and females employed in the private sector. Data Collection This research used a questionnaire which was self administered for data collection. The questionnaire contained closed format or multiple questions for easy quantitative data analysis. Closed ended responses are easy to code, perform data entry and analyze (McDaniel & Gates, 1998). The sample was drawn using random sampling technique. Questionnaire This survey is conducted to determine the number of females and males in employed in the private sector. Thanks you very much for participating in the survey. Please complete the questionnaire and return it to the issuer. It only takes 3 minutes to respond to the questions. Be assured that your responses shall be treated with utmost confidentiality. . Section A: (Demographic Information) (Please, tick one) 1. Are you: Male ? Female ? 2. Are you: Under 21 ? 21 - 25 ? 26 - 30 ? 31 - 35 ? 36 - 40 ? 41 - 45 ? 46 - 50 ? 51 - 55 ? 56 - 60 ? 60+ ? Section B: (Employment Information) (Please, tick one) 3. Are you: Employed ? Not Employed ? 4. If employed, are you: Full-time employed ? Part-time employed ? 5. In which sector are you employed? Private ? Public ? 6. In which industry are you employed? Agricultural and Mining ? Manufacturing and Construction ? Transport and Telecommunication ? Science and Technology ? Wholesale and Retail Trade ? Real estate and Rental ? Health Care and Social services ? T ourism, Arts, Recreation and Entertainment ? Finance and Insurance ? Other (specify).................................................................................... *END* Results Fig 1.0: A table showing the number of males and females working in private sector according to age groups Age Group Male Females Total Under 21 8,617 1,437 10,054 21-25 33,565 8,696 42,261 26-30 37,966 9,713 47,679 31-35 24,931 6,539 31,470 36-40 11,538 3,615 15,153 41-45 7,201 2,097 9,298 46-50 6,360 1,274 7,634 51-55 5,161 820 5,981 56-60 3,159 296 3,455 60+ 1,380 76 1,456 Total 139,878 34,563 174,441 (Adapted from statistical year book, 2012) Analysis Fig 1.1: Table showing analyzed data for male employees Age Group x f fx x-? (x-?)^2 f(x-?)^2 Under 21 9.5 8,617 81,861.5 -21.5 462.25 3,983,208.25 21-25 23 33,565 771,995 -8 64 2,148,160 26-30 28 37,966 1,063,048 -3 9 341,694 31-35 33 24,931 822,723 2 4 99,724 36-40 38 11,538 438,444 7 49 565,362 41-45 43 7,201 309,643 12 144 1,036,944 46-50 48 6,360 305,280 17 289 1,838,040 51-55 53 5,161 275,533 22 484 2,497,924 56-60 58 3,159 183,222 27 729 2,302,911 61-75 68 1,380 93,840 37 1,360 1,876,800 139,878 4,345,589.5 16, 690,767.25 Mean Age of Males Mean = ?fx ? ?f 4,345,589.5 ? 139,878 31 years Standard Deviation in Age of Males Standard Deviation v (?f(x-?) ^2/?f) v (16,690,767.25 ? 139,878) 11 years Median Age of Males Median = L + Where L is lower limit of median class N is total cumulative frequency Fi-1 is cumulative freque

Monday, July 22, 2019

Role of Women in Russia Between 1928 and 1941 Essay Example for Free

Role of Women in Russia Between 1928 and 1941 Essay How far did the role of women in Russia change between 1928 and 1941 The role of women in 1928 was that of being part of the work industry; 3 million women were employed because of the demands of the Five-year plans. Though Soviet Russia was meant to be a ‘classless society’ there were still inequalities specifically between men and women. However by 1940 there were 13 million women working in the Russian industry which shows change nevertheless women spent an average of 5 times as longer on domestic responsibilities’ than men, this is an example of continuity. The domestic role for women was in in addition to working on collective farms or in Soviet industry they were expected to be responsible for household chores, such as cooking, cleaning and childcare. Furthermore another responsibility of women was to reproduce because the trauma of industrialisation and collectivisation had led to a dramatic decline in the birth rate in the early 1930s. The communist government then introduced polices to try and reverse this trend. In addition to these wives of party officials were expected not to work, but to devote themselves to managing ‘a well-ordered communist home’. In the 1920s it was common for communist families to employ nannies however by the mid-1930’s this was frowned upon, this shows a significant change between what is the more important role to play in this time period. Women were now expected to be ideal mothers and partners. Their homes were to be examples of ‘order, warmth and feminine comfort, and their husbands expected their wives to be caring and attentive. They were the men there jobs consisted of being party leaders and even though they had been liberated from their domestic duties, such as chopp ing wood and carry water, due to mechanisation, women had none of these advantages. Also in the 1930s Zhenotdel, a women’s branch of the Communist Central committee was closed down due to the fact that the Communist Party believed that sexuality had been achieved. Soviet authorities discouraged abortion in 1936, making it all but illegal. The law banned terminations except where they were necessary to save the life of a pregnant woman. This forced women to have children they may or may not have wanted. Doctors who performed abortions on ‘underserving’ women could be sentenced to two years imprisonment. Husband who put pressure on their wives to terminate pregnancy would then face the same penalty. This was to promote the image of ‘a communist family life’ this consisted of the Stalin government reemphasising the value of marriage, they reintroduced wedding rings in 1936, and these had been banned in 1928. Also in 1936 the administration started printing marriage certificates on high quality paper to symbolise the importance of the union. Women were now getting married more and more frequently as the 1937 census showed that 82% of women aged 30 and 39 were married. The mid-1930s is when introducing traditional gender roles and sexual attitudes were reasserted across Russia. Making women stay at home and Communist husband were to be the main income earners in the family. Another way to promote ‘a communist family life’ was to control the sex that went on. In 1934 the government reintroduced a more traditional perspective on sexual morality. This was backed up by police action against young women who had an ‘immoral appearance’. This victimised woman as it was another rule to control their lives, in addition to this Soviet policy makers also turned against contraception. Another role of women that occurred during The ‘Great Retreat’ was the Soviet authorities recognising the important contribution made by women to Russian industry; they then increased the allocation of place in height or technical education available to women, from 30% in 1929 to 40% in 1940. This was also a significant change as women were allowed to further their education however they were still unequal to their male counterparts as the income of men was only 60-65% of the income of men doing the same job. Another area women excelled was the agricultural economy. By 1945, 80 of collected farm workers were women. They also represented the e Stakjanovite movementt in the countryside. The most celebrate rural Stakhanovite were both female,

Sunday, July 21, 2019

One of the principle aims of the Children Act

One of the principle aims of the Children Act One of the principle aims of the Children Act 1989 was to ensure that more attention was paid to the child’s voice. Critically examine to extent to which this aim has been achieved. Introduction: Bridgeman and Monk argue that the development of child law is becoming progressively more distinct from family law. In their view this development can be understood as a reflection of the influence of children’s rights and feminist views of the law that have encouraged a child centred focus where children are not simply seen as family persons but as individuals in their own right (Bridgeman and Monk, 2000, p. 1), a point reiterated by Muncie et al. who point to the recognition of rights of children as now being considered as distinct from the rights of the family as a whole (Muncie at al., 2005). The Children Act 1989 which came in to force on 14th October 1991 was heralded as the most important legislation pertaining to children in living memory. Lord Mackay called it: â€Å"the most comprehensive and far reaching form of child law which has come before Parliament in living memory.† Prior to the Act the law relating to children in the UK had been driven by a plethora of different pieces of legislation, leading to considerable complexity and inconsistency. Although European law has come to an increasing level of prominence in domestic law, in practice the Children Act remains the single document most referred to (Prest and Wildblood, 2005, p. 311). The strength and scope of the Act have been reflected by the considerable body of case law that evolved in a relatively short period of time. The Act fulfilled two functions as highlighted by Allen: It brought together all the existing law under the umbrella of one piece of legislation; The Act acknowledged the limits of the law in family relations. While it was seen as a land mark piece of legislation, it did not contain a magic formula to deal with family problems. (Allen, 2005, p.1). The main thrust of the Act was to enable all those involved with the care of children to further their best interests whether living with their families, in local authority care or in respect of protection from abuse. Private and Public Law: The private legislation relating to children’s law does not concern public bodies. It refers to issues that are between individuals, usually family members. The public law relating to children concerns legislation pertaining to intervention by public authorities. This encompasses voluntary agencies as well as social services. The State is typically a party to proceedings. Purpose of the Act: It was also hoped that through the Act children would become more central to proceedings concerning their welfare and would be given a considerably stronger voice. Feminist analysts have questioned the effectiveness of this, arguing that the law is often better at protecting the interests of adults than children. Common Law Before the Act: Historically, in common law parental rights were traditionally with the father in the case of legitimate children. It was not until 1886 that mothers were given guardianship under the Guardianship of Infants Act and the welfare of the child was to be taken into account when hearing any claim. Developments in this area of the law saw an increasingly important regard given to the welfare of the child. This evolved into the modern idea of paramnountcy, enshrined in the 1989 Act. The Law Leading to the Act: Before the Act there were a number of different aspects of children’s law, described by Allen as chaotic in its nature (Allen, 2005, p.3). The law relating to children had evolved in a somewhat haphazard way, and was becoming increasingly difficult for professionals to interpret. In 1984 a comprehensive review was undertaken in an attempt to integrate the law. The White Paper published in 1987, The Law on Child care and Family Services, stated that government proposals would involve â€Å" a major overhaul of child care law intended to provide a clearer and fairer framework for the provision of child care services for families and for the protection of children at risk.†[1] Scope of the Act: The Act covers many areas including pre-school day care, child protection, local authority provision for children, the care of children in independent schools, children involved in divorce or custody proceedings, children with disabilities, child patients in long stay hospitals and children with learning difficulties (Hendrick, 2003, p.196-107). Intrinsic to the legislation were four main principles: (1)The paramountcy principle – this was not really a new idea but added considerable weight to ideas about child welfare, making it clear that this was always to be paramount in any decisions. This guiding principle has, however, been criticised in some quarters because of its vagueness. The child’s welfare is the paramount consideration in respect of: (a)the upbringing of the child; (b) the administration of a child’s property or any income arising from it (s 1 (1)).[2] (2) A checklist was introduced to assist courts in applying the welfare principle when considering certain categories of order. (3)The delay principle which states that proceedings should be expedited with minimum delay as any such delay is regarded as being to the child’s disadvantage unless proven otherwise (s 1 (2))[3]. (4) Intervention by the State in the life of the child or the child’s family should only occur when it could be shown that â€Å"on balance the bringing of proceedings is likely to be in the best interest of children.† This is the no order principle where no order shall be made unless it is considered to be better for the child than making no order at all.[4] Some new concepts were introduced. One of the main ones was â€Å"parental responsibility†. This emphasised the rights of parents in the context of their parental responsibility. If parents exercise their responsibility with the necessary level of diligence, certain rights in law are afforded, in effect promoting parents as authority figures. The Act also saw something of a swing back in emphasis to parents as opposed to the state being responsible for their children. Parents could only relinquish their responsibility to their children through formal, legal adoption. The term â€Å"accommodation† replaced â€Å"voluntary care† meaning, in effect that local authorities would care for children on their parents’ behalf only until such times as they could resume their proper role (Eekelaar and Dingwall, 1989, p.26). Parental Responsibilities: The Children Act gave courts wide ranging and flexible powers to regulate the exercise of parental responsibility, introducing some sweeping changes in this area. The Child’s Wishes: One of the central ideas was that the child’s wishes be taken into consideration, to a degree which was appropriate in any proceedings. The issue has arisen in relation to care proceedings, medical treatment and so on. In the case of local authority accommodation, there is a clear distinction in law between children over and under sixteen years old. The Children Act provides that neither the parental right of objection not the parental right of removal applies where a child of sixteen agrees to being provided with accommodation.[5] This was tested in Re T (Accomodation by Local Authority)[6]. A seventeen year old girl had been informally accommodated by friends, an arrangement which she sought to formalise so that both parties would be eligible for benefits under section 24 of the Act which would stop when she reached age 18 otherwise. The director of social services refused this request taking the view that her welfare was not likely to be seriously prejudiced if she were not accommodated. This decision was quashed at court, the judge taking the view that social services had no way of ascertaining her future needs and there was no way of establishing whether the local authority would continue to exert the discretionary power it had done up to this point. The issue of the child’s wishes is a much more contentious area when younger children are involved. Some very emotive case law, particularly in respect of medical arrangements and treatments, has developed in this area. The child’s age should be taken into consideration when making any decision, but this is dependent on the individual child concerned . It is well recognised that children have the capacity to engage in acts and make decisions which can be dependent on chronological age or the attainment of a level of maturity beyond the chronological age. Precedent concerning a child’s age was first established in the land mark case of Gillick v. West Norfolk and Wisbech Health Authority[7]. The Gillick Case: In 1980 The Department of Health and Social Security asserted that, while it would be most unusual, it would be lawful in some circumstances for a doctor to give contraceptive advice to a girl under sixteen without prior consultation with her parents. Victoria Gillick, a parent with strongly held religious views, sought assurances that none of her daughters would receive such advice. Her claim was eventually rejected by the House of Lords, the decision coming to be known as ‘Gillick competence’. Lord Scarman proposed that a high level of understanding would be required, extending beyond the medical issues. Lord Scarman noted: â€Å"It is not enough that she should understand the nature of the advice which she is being given: she must have sufficient maturity to understand what is involved.† Critical was the question in respect of whether, once a child has reached a certain level of maturity, whether in chronological or maturational terms, the rights of the patents to be involved, should be terminated or should co-exist with the child’s. The Gillick decision was contrary to popular opinion and controversial. When faced with the dilemma of Gillick competence again, the courts adopted a somewhat different view. Later case law served to muddy the waters and adolescents were not given clear advice over their right to reach decisions for themselves in the event of family disputes or other issues. Re R[8] concerned the competence of adolescents to refuse medical treatment. R was a fifteen year old girl who had been suffering from mental illness which had caused her to be hospitalised under the Mental Health Act. At various times during the course of her treatment she was regarded as being a suicide risk. The unit in which she was hospitalised used sedatives as a last resort as part of the treatment regime. The hospital said that they would not retain R in hospital unless she were prepared to engage in treatment, including taking sedatives. They put this to the local authority who had parental responsibility for R. The local authority initially agreed to the hospital’s request but, following conversation between R. and a social worker, withdrew its consent. R indicated to the social worker that the hospital were trying to give her drugs which she neither wanted nor needed. The social worker’s opinion was that R. was lucid and rational during the conversation, an assessment subsequently confirmed by psychiatric evaluation. The authority made R. a ward of court to resolve the argument. This is demonstrative of the responsibility to make the child’s voice heard, through the consultation process, a responsibility placed on local authorities by the Act. The solicitor acting as guardian ad litem argued that, where a child has capacity to withhold consent to treatment based on sufficient understanding, any parental right to give or withdraw consent terminated. Lord Donaldson reopened the whole discussion in respect of the relationship between a competent minor’s capacity and a parent’s right to consent on a minor’s behalf. The Court of Appeal upheld the decision of Waite J., that R. failed the test of competence and that, in her best interests, the treatment should be authorised. The most significant issue was whether the court had the power to over rule the decision of a competent minor. The court held that such an ability existed because the Gillick principles did not have effect in wardship proceedings. It was argued that the court had wider powers than those of normal parents, being derived from the Crown. The court saw no reason not to override the wishes of a competent minor if it believed that to be in the child’s best interests. The judgement demonstrated that the application of the ‘welfare’ and the ‘Gillick’ tests could lead to different results. The court’s power to override the decision of a minor were again illustrated in Re M. (Medical Treatment : Consent)[9]. A fifteen year old girl needed a heart transplant to save her life but refused to give her consent. Her reasoning was that she did not want to have some one else’s heart and did not want to have to take medication for the rest of her life. In the solicitors notes taken at interview, it could be clearly seen that she had considered carefully her decision: â€Å"Death is final – I know I can’t change my mind. I don’t want to die but I would rather die than have the transplant and have someone else’s heart, I would rather die with fifteen years of my own heart.† While acknowledging the gravity of overriding M.’s decision, and the associated health risks, the operation was authorised. Children in Court: English law has not traditionally given minors right of representation in legal proceedings, but this was one of the main issues that the Children Act 1989 sought to address. The usual procedure has been for courts to require welfare reports in respect of children rather than to elicit the views of children themselves or of other interested parties or representatives. The Children Act considerably changed that nature of representation for children in public proceedings in court. In care proceedings the Act created the presumption of the appointment of a guardian ad litem (Children’s guardian). The child will also automatically be party to the proceedings. Children’s guardians are individuals who are required to have a thorough knowledge of both social work and child law. Their role is to ensure ‘that the court is fully informed of the relevant facts which relate to the child’s welfare and that the wishes and feelings of the child are clearly established.[10] Their role is to be proactive in its nature and ensure that the wishes of the child are given their due weight in the proceedings. The issue in respect of private law is markedly different with children rarely being represented in this context. These are generally in relation to divorce and while welfare reports are submitted on occasion, this is not often the case, simply because of the volume of these types of proceedings. Harm to children: One of the main purposes of the Children Act was to ensure that children be protected from harm. Newham London Borough Council v. AG[11]. reflects the difficult choice with which the courts are often faced regarding whether it is better for a child to stay with members of his/ her extended family or other, outside carers. In Newham the Court of Appeal held that placing the child with grandparents would be unsatisfactory as they would be unable to protect the child from the serious risk that was posed by the child’s mother who suffered from severe schizophrenia which manifested itself in her inability to look after the child and to neglect her. The test case for the risk of significant harm is Re M. (A minor)(Care Order: Threshold Conditions).[12] A father had murdered the children’s mother in front of them, after which they were taken into emergency protection. The father was convicted of the mother’s murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment with a recommendation that he be deported to Nigeria, his home country, on release. Three of the four children were placed with Mrs W., the mother’s cousin, but she felt unable to cope with the youngest child, M. who was placed with a temporary foster mother. Eventually Mrs W. wanted to offer M. a home with his siblings. The father sought to influence the decision from prison, as he was M.’s biological father. The local authority, the guardian ad litem for M., and the father all wanted a care order to be made for M. outside the extended birth family. Bracewell J. made the care order in the first instance but the Court of Appeal favoured Mrs W., substituting a care order in her favour. The question for the courts was whether, in considering if a child ‘is suffering from significant harm’, is it permissible to consider the situation when protective measures were introduced, or does this test have to be satisfied at the time of the hearing at which the application is being considered. At the time of the hearing M. was no longer suffering, nor was he likely to suffer ‘significant harm because, by this time, he was being properly looked after and the danger had passed. The House of Lords held that there was jurisdiction to make a care order in these circumstances. Lord Mackay argued that the court was entitled to have regard to the full length from the protection to the disposal of the case. Brackwell had been entitled to, and indeed correct, to look back to the time when the emergency protection was taken. She had been entitled to infer that, at that time, M. had been permanently deprived of the love and care of his mother which constituted significant harm. The care given by the father was not what could reasonably have been expected from a parent, although it could reasonably be argued that the anger and violence was directed to the mother rather than M. The only limitation in the process of looking back was that the initial protective arrangements had remained continuously in place. Lords Templeman and Nolan pointed out that to restrict evidence to that which was available at the hearing could mean that any temporary measures which removed the risk could preclude the court from making a final care order which could not have been Parliament’s intention. Separated Families: Contact: A great deal of case law relates to families where divorce or separation is a factor. Section 8 of the Act deals with the contact order: â€Å"an order requiring the person with whom a child lives, or is to live, to allow the child to visit or stay with the person named in the order, or for that person and the child otherwise to have contact with each other.†[13] The contact order has become very important in the sphere of children’s law as it is the most common type of order made. Men, who tend not to be the residential parent in cases of divorce, are increasingly applying for contact orders with their children. Payne v. Payne is one of the leading cases in respect of contact. The mother, originally from New Zealand wanted to return there with the couple’s four year old child following her divorce. Mr Payne argued that, to allow the mother to remove the child from the country, would infringe his right to contact, and that this infringement would be contrary to the principles of the Children Act 1989. The Court of Appeal argued that the child’s happiness was bound up in the happiness of the mother , the primary carer, and any move to separate them might be that her â€Å"unhappiness, sense of isolation and depression would be exacerbated to a degree that could well be damaging to the child.† The judgement in Payne v. Payne was not a denial that the father had a right to contact. It was a demonstration of the application of the welfare principle, protecting the best interests of the child which were, in the courts opinion, inextricably linked to the mother. The decision makes clear that contact is a qualified right which will always be superseded by the welfare of the child. Paternity: The paramountcy principle has been criticised as being too limited in its scope. Where the issue of paternity has come before the courts it has been held that this only has an indirect impact upon the child’s upbringing and so falls outside the scope of the test. Freeman has argued that since maternity is rarely in doubt, this stance in respect of paternity allows men to shirk to some degree their paternity in the English Legal system (Freeman, 2000, p.33). Foster Parents: While the law relating to children has always had scope in respect of biological families, this is clearly extended to foster parents by the Children Act. The term ‘foster parents’ covers a variety of care arrangements, but is most usually thought of as parents who look after children to whom they are not related. The main distinctions in foster care arrangements are in private or local authority arrangements and short and long term fostering arrangements. Arrangements and case law have shown that foster carers will not automatically be afforded parental responsibility, legal steps must be taken before this can happen. In Gloucestershire County Council v. P[14] the child’s guardian ad litem persuaded the court that a residence order in favour of the foster parents, rather than an order freeing the child for adoption or residence order in favour of the extended family, would be appropriate. A majority of the Court of Appeal held that the Court did, in fact, have the power to do this even though the foster parents had cared for the child for less than three years. More than one child: Problems with the paramountcy principle have occurred when there is more than one child and their interests appear to be at odds. In Birmingham CC v. H[15] the case concerned a mother, herself a minor, and her child. It was believed to be in the mother’s best interests to maintain some contact with her baby as she may self harm otherwise. It was not held to be in the best interests of her baby. The law said that the interests of both was paramount. The House of Lords held that it was necessary to identify the child who was the subject of the application and make their welfare paramount, in this case the baby. This logic has been applied in subsequent cases on this matter when the interests of siblings have been thought to be in conflict. Conclusion: It is generally agreed that the Children Act represents a consensus among interested parties, except of course for children, who were not consulted (Hendrick, 2003, p.198). The concept of welfare or best interests of children reflects a desire to protect children. Some theorists have argued that because the input of children into changes in the law has been neglected, the law may be ineffective in protecting them from harm which may be very different from the harm and pain felt by adults (Bridgeman and Monk, 2000, p.7). Some aspects of the Act have been problematic. The paramountcy principle has been very difficult in both a practical and an ethical respect. There is considerable tension between a child’s welfare and a child’s voice. The weight of the law is given to the former but many argue that the child’s opinion and wishes should carry more weight than they do at the moment. There are also, as has been seen, questions concerning when the child’s wishes should supersede those of his/ her parents and be respected as valid in their own right. The law in relation to children has seen more change in recent years but the Children Act still has considerable force in practice. While there has been increasing emphasis placed on children’s individualism, autonomy, capacity and competence (Hallett, 2000, p.389), it has been seen that it is often the case that no matter how lucid or mature a child appears to be, the courts have been reluctant to allow the child to have a full voice in issues of a serious and life changing nature. The complex nature of families and their increasingly diverse nature in society means that these difficult issues will probably become more, rather than less complex in their nature and present themselves with a greater degree of frequency. References: Allen, N. (2005) Making Sense of the Children Act 1989. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Bainham, A. (1990) Children : The New Law. Bristol: Jordan Publishing Ltd. Bainham, A. (2005) Children: The Modern Law. Bristol: Jordan Publishing Ltd. Bainham, A., Day-Sclater, S. Richards, M. (Eds)(1999) What is a Parent? A Socio-Legal Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bridgeman, J. Monk, D. (2000) Reflection on the relationship between feminism and child law in J. Bridgeman D. Monk (Eds) Feminist Perspective on Child Law. London: Cavendish Publishing. Corby, B. (2002) Child Abuse and Child Protection in B. Goldson, M. Lavalette and E. McKenchie (Eds) Children, Welfare and the State. London: Sage. Eekelaar, J. (1991) Parental Responsibility: State of nature or nature of state? Journal of Welfare and Family Law, 1, 37-50. Eekelaar, J. and Dingwall, R. (1989) The Reform of Child Care Law: A practical Guide to the Children Act. London: Routledge. Farson, R. (1978) Birthrights. London: Penguin. Fortin, J. (2003) Children’s Rights and the Developing Law. London: Reed Elsevier. Freeman, M. (2000) Feminism and Child Law in J. Bridgeman D. Monk (Eds) Feminist Perspective on Child Law. London: Cavendish Publishing. Gibson, C., Grice, J., James, R. Mulholland, S. (2001) The Children Act Explained. London: The Stationery Office. Hallett, C. (2000) Children’s Rights: Child Abuse Review, 9, 389-393. Harris, P.M. Scanlan, D.E. (1991) Children Act 1989: A Procedural Handbook. London: Butterworths. Hendrick, H. (2003) Child Welfare: Historical Dimensions, Contemporary Debate. Bristol. The Policy Press. Herring, J. (2004) Family Law. London: Pearson. Hoggett, B.M. (1987) Parents and Children: The Law of Parental Responsibility. London: Sweet and Maxwell. Horwarth, J. (Ed)(2001) The Child’s World: Assessing Children in Need. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Masson, J. (1990) The Children Act 1989: Current Law Statutes Annotated. London: Sweet and Maxwell. Muncie, J. Wetherall, M., Dallos, R. Cochrane, A. (Eds)(1995) Understanding the Family. London: Sage. Prest, C. Wildblood, S. (2005) Children Law: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Bristol: Jordan Publishing Ltd. White, R., Carr, P. Lowe, N. (1995) The Children Act in Practice. London: Butterworths. Wyld, N. (2000) The Human Rights Act and the Law Relating to Children. Legal Action, September, 17-18. 1 Footnotes [1] Family Law: Review of Child Law (Law Com No. 172, 1988), para 2.4. [2] There are some exceptions to the paramountcy rule. [3] The delay principle is a general principle not an absolute one. There are circumstances in which a planned and purposeful delay may be in the child’s interests. [4] This is consistent with the main philosophy that there should be minimum intervention in family life and that parents should exercise responsibility for their children. [5] Section 20 (11). [6] [1995] 1 FLR 159. [7] [1986] AC 112. [8] Re R (A Minor) (Wardship: Consent to Treatment) [1992] Fam 11. [9] Re M (Medical Treatment: Consent) [1999] 2 FLR 1097. [10] Children Act Advisory Committee Annual Report 1992/1993 (Lord Chancellor’s Department, 1993) at p.14. [11] Newhan Borough Council v. AG [1993] 1 FLR 281. [12] RE M (A minor)( Care Order: Threshold Conditions) [1994] 3 WLR 558. [13] Section 8 (1). [14] Gloucestershire County Council v. P [1999] 2 FLR 61. [15] [1994] 1 FLR 224.

Entrepreneur Reflection Paper

Entrepreneur Reflection Paper Section 1.0 Introduction This portfolio releases findings of an analysis carried out on my personal abilities, skills, capability and experience to set up a business and also an analysis of the various tests that I undertook and the lessons learnt from the review. Furthermore an identification of strengths and weaknesses identified in (1.1) and (1.2) will be release along with how I address these and what actions I took and what information I needed together. Finally a reflection on the skills, experience and information, gained from carrying out this assignment will be explained. Section 1.1 Analysis of personal abilities, skills, capability and experience to set up a business Entrepreneurship is the drive of the economies in the world today. Most innovations are made and implemented by entrepreneurs. The role of entrepreneurs today is not just for self fulfilment but for contributing to the economies and helping to solve many of the problems in society. I consider myself an entrepreneur. I have entrepreneurial thoughts and am moved by successful entrepreneurs. The role of Bill Gates to information revolution is one of the contributions of entrepreneurial that inspire me. I try to figure out how the world would be without the contribution made by him and am perplexed (Birley S and Muzyka D, 1997). In the past, I have had entrepreneurial thoughts. I have thought of innovations that would make changes to the world. I thought of innovations that would make life easier for people while adding opportunities for jobs and livelihood of people. There are various reasons that make me to consider myself as an entrepreneur. The best indicator is that most of my role models are entrepreneurs. On top of the role model is Bill Gates. I consider him as a role model for his innovativeness and courage. Although a student, Bill Gates was innovative enough to see how software development could solve peoples problems (Bridge S, ONeill K, Martin F, 2009). He did not stop at the academia level but pursued his discovery and implemented the knowledge. Bill Gates courage is manifested by how he is able to pursue the discovery even though they are limited by resources and skills. Richard Branson of Virgin Empire is another role model. Richardsons self beliefs inspire me. He is able to see problems and does not run away from the problem but bravely confronts the problem and comes up with solutions. As an entrepreneur, I am innovative. I am able to come up with solutions by using innovative ways. From my lower grades in school, other students relied on me to give solutions when they were met with challenges. I have been able to use my innovativeness and interest in information technology in various ways. I have prepared and implemented software applications that can solve various problems. At my home, I prepared a software application that helps me remember to prepare for everyday. Together with my colleagues, we were able to present software applications that helps manages students welfare at our former High school. My self believe adds to my qualities of entrepreneurships. I believed in my capacity to bring changes to the society and take it as a duty to bring the positive changes. Although some other people are not comfortable with my assertiveness, I take it as a gift that should be exploited for the good of the people. My inner drive helps me to overcome negative reactions and pessimistic opinions of other people. The business idea that I have in mind is online marketing and sales. This idea came in my mind as a result of development in information technology that has changed the culture and ways of life of people (Burns P, 2008). The conventional ways of doing business would not be successful in this information era. The information era calls for restructuring of the business to conform to new technologies. The other motivation to online marketing and sales is philosophy of lean (Entrepreneur, 2009). Most of the products that are sold to the end are sold at a very high price as compared to the production cost of the product. The additional costs to the products result from the many middlemen. Online sales and marketing enables the products to be sold directly to the end ensuring that the end used gets the value of the money used. Online sales and marketing requires and entails the use of information technology in sales and marketing. As an entrepreneur, I wish to apply the skills to assist business and corporate market their products though the internet. In addition to market, I wish to assist businesses implement direct online sales to their customers. My broad experience in information technology, application programming and marketing will be useful. My ability to foresee details of complex things will enable me to overcome the challenges of setting up the sales and marketing. Sales and marketing is an old role in business. Although other roles are equally important, I find sales and marketing to be the most important. Sales and marketing is the activity that presents the product to the used and ensures that the products are bought. Without sales and marketing, the role of production and other roles may be inessential. Inspired by this, I feel that the use of information technology in this role would be very fruitful. Online sales and marketing in not new. Many companies run their own website through which potential customers can peruse the products before they can arrange to make purchases. A good example of model online direct sales is EBags. This company sells different kind of bags to their customers through the internet. However, the online sales and marketing are made by individual companies. My vision is to establish a virtual online supermarket though which people can access products from different companies and buy the products directly through th e internet. The education system has opened my mind in various areas. The skills that I have acquired would be very helpful to the business. The analytical, communication, and problem solving skills in academia are essential to the business. These skills coupled with my innovativeness and self drive will enable me to achieve the vision of online sales and marketing. To evaluate the business and my entrepreneurial skills, I undertook various tests. Section 1.2 Analysis of the various tests undertaken and the lessons learnt from the review To evaluate my entrepreneurial capability, I took several independent entrepreneurial tests. The test helped me to unfold my personality and other things related to entrepreneurship. On personality, I took different independent entrepreneurial tests. Personality is very important to the success of entrepreneur. Most of the entrepreneurs are observed to have related personality that contributes to their success. Most successful entrepreneurs are observed to have personal inner drive that sustain their innovations and quest for success. Most of them strongly believe in themselves and have confidence in their personal capacity to bring change. Their innovativeness and problem solving is very vital to their success. Being in business means that a person will be prone to competition. Most entrepreneurs have personalities that ensure them to be competitive without fear of failure. In addition, almost all entrepreneurs are highly motivated and have high energy. Their energy enables them to overcome the difficult task of entrepreneurships and motivate other individuals to the goal of the business. Despite of these, most entrepreneurs are open for advice and criticism. In stead of taking criticism negatively, entrepreneurs learn from the criticism and implement the necessary changes to their businesses. Personality tests were; Type T personality test, DaVinci type personality test and Bill Wagners Personality test. The tests presented questions that aimed at analyzing the personality. Completion of the entrepreneurial personality test gave a report that included a score on different personality categories (Personality 100, 2009). The result from the test suggested whether a person was fit for being an entrepreneur. From all the entrepreneurial personality tests I scored a score sufficient for entrepreneur. The other personality test made was the HBDI personality test. This test measures the tendency of a person to have left-brain or right-brain thinking. This tendency tells whether a person is more likely to have conceptual and experimental tendency in thinking (Jolly A, 2004). This tendency is different in different professions and helps an individual to discover the right profession. For an entrepreneur, the test analyses the major issues that are necessary to the entrepreneur. The test has different quadrants. The first quadrant takes into consideration of the capacity to solve problems. An entrepreneur has to be able to think logically and analyse facts before making a decision. The second quadrant evaluates the ability of the person to implement the decision made. The third quadrant evaluates the ability of the entrepreneurs to communicate. Communication is very essential for businesses. The ability of the entrepreneur to communicate ensures the entrepreneur to coordinate other st ake holders in the business (Wickham P, 2006). The fourth quadrant of the test evaluates the capability of the entrepreneurs to take risks. Risk taking is very important to entrepreneurs and determines how they would handle challenges and respond to setbacks. The other test made was the marketing test. Marketing is very essential to a business. This test analyses how an entrepreneur is aware of the potential market and marketing strategies. Also, I took a market research test. This tests how an individual understands market research. The questions presented help the individual to evaluate market research needed for the business. The other test taken was a leadership test. The leadership test helps to evaluate the leadership qualities of the person taking the test. Entrepreneurs are leaders in their respective businesses. To be a successful entrepreneur, a person has to be a good leader. Section 1.3 Strengths and Weaknesses Evaluation of personal abilities and the use of the entrepreneurial tests enabled me to discover my strengths and weakness as an entrepreneur. The evaluation was made in relation to the online sales and marketing business that I have in mind. Online sales marketing is information based business. It takes the form of business outsourcing. The business entails taking other businesses trouble of sales and marketing and doing it for them. My creativity and innovativeness is my strength (Williams S, 2002). The innovativeness will enable me to be able to come up with solutions to individual businesss sales and marketing challenges. My strong base in information technology is vital to the business (Chapman N and Chapman J, 2006). This experience will enable me to be at ease in coming up with online solution sales and marketing. The education base is also strength. Online sales and marketing businesses will entail ability to deal with complexities. The analytical skill obtained from the education system will enable me to come up with logical solutions to the problems. From the personality test, I was able to identify my strengths and weaknesses. From the test, I am outgoing and assertive. This quality is essential for entrepreneurs. The quality will enable me to deal with other people. The assertiveness is strength with what I would be able to sell the business idea to potential clients. This will enable the business to gain customers and have fast growth. The assertiveness will also help me to negotiate for the business with potential business partners. Problem solving is a key element to entrepreneur success (Rae, 2007). From the HBDI test, it was shown that I have good problem solving capabilities. Online sales and marketing, as an outsourcing business will entail solving other peoples problems. The capability will enable me to be able to handle clients problems with ease. The weaknesses identified from the test include communication challenges and leadership. The assertiveness was identified to impede interpersonal communication by intimidating the other party. On leadership, my leadership quality was identified and self- centred. To overcome the challengers posed by my personality in leadership and communication, I will invest in the area to ensure improvement. Personal reflection will enable me to be sensitive of other people in communication and react appropriately to their personal psychological needs. This will enable me to overcome the intoxicative charisma. On leadership, I would register for leadership course. The course will help me in managing and leading people. Section 1.4 Reflection on the skills, experience and information, gained from carrying out the assignment The reflection of the business was very important to me as an entrepreneur. The assessment enables me to go through the details of the business. From this, I was able to unfold the hidden challenges that would be posed by the business. This assessment enabled me to go step by step through the different steps that would be followed when establishing the business. It gave me the opportunity to relate the theoretical base of the business with the practical implementation of the problem. Through the business idea can be reviewed to fit the practical environment. The entrepreneurial tests were very important to discovery of self in relation to entrepreneurship. From the test, I was able to identify my strengths and weakness and an entrepreneur. From the strengths and weakness identified, I would be able to make the right measure to overcome the challenges. Entrepreneurship is very important to the economies of the world (Rae, 2007). The freedoms and innovativeness of the entrepreneurs leads to solutions of major world challenges. From the assessment, entrepreneurship is the right way for me. It will enable me to implement the online sales and marketing business idea.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Non Human Primates, Essay -- Chimpanzees

NON HUMAN PRIMATES Non human primates’ social organization can provide useful information how human social evolution occurs. We will go over main points of how similar and different non human primates such as chimpanzees, orangutans, and gorillas’ society are compared to ours, humans. Chimpanzee Social Organization and Communication Chimpanzees (Figure 1) are the closest living relatives to us, and they share 99 percent of our DNA (1). Chimpanzees have distinct group territoriality. Male chimpanzees â€Å"patrol† near the boundary between the two ranges, at that time they move very carefully and quietly, and they can cease to listen and observe the range of their neighbors. Patrolling individuals are likely to face cruel and violent attacks, injuries, and even deaths. Intense excitement and aggressive display can occur if the two parties of two communities encounter each other. Usually, the larger group holds its ground, and interaction between different chimpanzees communities may also lead to gang attack. Expanding the community range is necessary to their social organizations, the males cooperation can defend the territory and increase the reproductive rates of the resident females by excluding female and male competitors. Body contact is common in their social life such as grooming (1). Usually, ch impanzees groom each other as a way to show harmony and solidarity in their society (Figure 2). Grooming each other demonstrates the deep bonds and close relationship between them. In addition, they can even hug, hold hands, touch, kiss each other as a way of emotional expression (2). In order to show off how powerful one chimpanzee is, the male can swing, pull down the trees, drag them, throw sticks and stones, and stomp on t... ...higher and more complicated degree. More research done about non human primates can help us understand more our social, ecological, and cultural roots. Reference 1) B.M.de Waal, Tree of Origin: What Primate Behavior Can Tell Us about Human Social Evolution. Havard University Press: Massachusets, 2001. 2) Chimpanzees Communication. Retrieved Mar 20 from 3) Galdikas, M et al.Great Ape Odyssey. Harry N. Abrams Inc., Publishers. 2005. 4) Chimps Behavior. The Jane Goodall Institute of Cananda website. Retrieved Mar 20 from 5) Vergano, D. Scientist scratch the surface of chimp communication. USA Today. April 6. 2006. Retrieve Mar 20 from

Friday, July 19, 2019

Philosophy is Important :: College Admissions Essays

Philosophy is Important Everybody has something to learn about Philosophy. With the numerous different courses available to students at State University, one will always be able to find new and pertinent information not covered before in previous classes. This assures students that they will not be forced to take a class that is primarily review. By requiring students to take philosophy courses, the school is guaranteeing they get the full education they deserve. Philosophy is important because it helps to mature the whole person, instead of restricting them in a specialization of a particular field of study. College is where people go to discover themselves, and at times people just need a little nudge to get them going in the right direction. Philosophy introduces students to different styles of thinking, teaching them to think smarter and better. The class Critical Thinking, for example, explains how to create and use clear, logical arguments, presenting a skill useful in other many college classes, as well as a practical tool outside of school. High school does not offer enough philosophy classes to equip the average students for the rest of their lives. Therefore, to obtain higher-level philosophical training, one must attend college. Not many high school seniors are well versed in philosophical systems that are taught in a philosophy 201 class offered at State. Despite their importance, ethics are barely covered in high school classes. Training in ethics helps one identify the correct principles of conduct as accepted by specific professions, and humanity as a whole. When coming to college, students need to supplement their knowledge base with philosophy. Gonzaga University offers many philosophy courses for the incoming student.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Personal Narrative: My Hero :: Narrative Essay Hero Role Model

Dr. D is a cardiothoracic surgeon. He was my hero. He may well still be, even though he is a throw-back to the days when I was more concerned about science than symbolism. They say in the Chinese proverbs that "if you don't change direction you will end up where you are going." I have come to believe that this is true, and that most of the time we didn't want to go where we were headed anyway. New paths that come to fruition, "digressions" that become the assertions you are trying to make, aren't really digressions at all. They are, instead, the appearance of your "whole point" (Elbow 10). I don't know what my point is, really. Maybe I am waiting for a brilliant digression. It is a digression that brought me to this crazy craft of writing in the first place. I can tell you that Dr. D is a pioneer in the field of heart surgery. His work saw the first artificial heart from the drawing board to the operating table. I can tell you facts because I actually looked them up for a high school English paper back in the day when papers weren't about insight, but rather people and places and all those objective matters. I wrote to Dr. D and got a form letter and a whole bunch of information about his life and trials that they send to other freaks who want to be cardiothoracic surgeons at one point or another. I still have that information somewhere, tucked away with the caduceus my brother bought me when I graduated from high school and entered college as a pre-med student. They say that focusing on "x" will often lead you to discover "y,"which is exactly what happened. While I was toiling all those hours applying to pre-med programs all over the country, I was also spending an hour a day with a woman who was letting me explore the world of words. And as I spent more and more time trying to gain acceptance in a number of pre-med programs, I was making myself more of the writer that eventually abandoned science to be. I was spending all this time writing admissions letters to people telling them why it was essential for me to open up the hearts of the sick and heal them. Now I realize that the heart-sick are not always curable by a new heart or a Dacron tube.

Micro-Environment Essay

1.0Background Information With the advent of gene technology, it is important to understand not only the phenotype of the organism but also the genotype. Previously, you should have learnt the analysis of genetic traits and the various ways where they can be transmitted from parents to children (by phenotype analysis). Each chromosome is divided into different sections called genes. Genes are the basis of inheritance where traits like hair colour and blood type are controlled by the production of proteins by these genes. Genes contain coded instructions that the body uses to assemble hundreds of different types of proteins that make an individual unique! These amazing trait controllers (genes) are made up of molecules called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is a double-helical polymer bound together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairing nucleotides (A to T, G to C). A particular gene is a set of coded instructions made up of a particular order of nucleotides. The variation of which allows the myriad of codes to exist in an organism for it to be unique. This is what controls the genotype of an organism and henceforth, the extraction and isolation of an organisms DNA is imperative, in order to allow further insight into the organism using different molecular-based methods. In this experiment, you will be taking a closer look at this DNA molecule. You will be extracting your own DNA using buccal/cheek cells as the starting material. 2.1Materials Saline 15 ml centrifuge tube Paper cup Drinking water Vortex Centrifuge 10% SDS Bromelain protease (50mg/mL) Ice cold isopropanol Graduated pipettes 2.2Methods IMPORTANT NOTE: Ensure that you have not eaten in the past 1 hour before conducting this experiment (if you are the DNA donor). Ensure that gloves are worn at all times in the experiment. 1. Swish you mouth with about 100 mL drinking water, for about 20 seconds, to remove any food particles. Discard this wash into the sink. 2. Using a permanent marker pen, label your group name onto the paper cup and 15 mL centrifuge tube containing 10mL saline. 3. Pour all the 10mL saline solution into your mouth and vigorously swish for 60s. Do not discard the centrifuge tube. 4. Expel the saline mouthwash into the labelled paper cup. 5. Carefully, pour the saline mouthwash from the paper cup, back into the 15 mL centrifuge tube from step 2. Tightly cap the tube. 6. Pass the capped tubes to the laboratory technician in order to be centrifuged (4500 rpm, 5 min). 7. Upon centrifuging, you should be able to see your buccal cell pellet (the whitish lower solid layer at the bottom of the tube). Gently, pour away the supernatant (the liquid upper layer). 8. Place the tube on ice. 9. Add 2 mL saline into the tube and vortex for 5-10 seconds. 10. Add 1 mL 10% (w/v) sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) solution (active component in detergents). 11. Gently tap the tubes several times (~8 times) to gently mix the contents. You may invert the tube twice if needed. 12. On ice, add 2 – 3 drops of the lab supplied bromelain protease enzyme into the tube. 13. Gently tap the tubes several times (~8 times) to gently mix the contents. You may invert the tube twice if needed. 14. Cap the tube and place it is a 50oC for 10 minutes. 15. With a clean pipette, gently pipette in 10 mL ice cold isopropanol (95% v/v) slowly into the tube. Tip: Place the filled pipette with its tip against the inside wall of the test tube. Slowly allow the isopropanol to dribble down the inside of the tube. 16. Cap and place the tube in a test tube rack at room temperature for 10 minutes. DO NOT mix, shake, or bump the test tube during this period. 17. The isopropanol is lighter than the contents of the tube. When added according to the directions, the isopropanol will form a clear layer ABOVE the suspension. 18. Observe the test tube for 5 minutes. The DNA will gradually separate from the suspension and rise into the isopropanol layer. Describe the appearance of the DNA. 19. Take a photo as proof of your observation. 20. To remove the accumulated DNA from the tube, follow the directions for DNA spooling as below:- a. Gently insert the glass rod through the isopropanol layer into the clumped/accumulated DNA. b. Carefully, twirl the rod between your fingers, winding the DNA strands onto the rod. c. Slowly remove the rod. Describe the appearance of the spooled DNA. d. Take a photo as proof of your observation. 0. Questions 1. Which one of the following do you think will contain DNA? Explain your reasoning. Bananas; concrete; fossils; meat; metal; spinach; strawberries. 2. What effect would the SDS have on the cell membranes and cold ethanol on DNA? 3. What type of enzyme would be needed to separate the DNA into smaller pieces? 4. Is the DNA extracted pure enough for further applications (i.e. PCR)? 5. If you were to repeat the experiment with an equal number of red blood cells, the amount of DNA collected would either: increase / decrease / stay the same (choose one). Explain your answer. Adapted from:- Bres, M., Weisshaar, A., 2008. Thinking about Biology: An Introductory Laboratory Manual. 3rd Ed. Pearson Prentice Hall: New Jersey, USA. Pg. 333 – 338. Teaching AS Biology Practical Skills. University of Cambridge: International Examination. Pg. 74 – 78. 43 Practical 10 Digestion of Lambda (ÃŽ ») DNA with a Restriction Enzyme (EcoR I endonuclease) 1.0Background Information Restriction enzymes (nucleases) are enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bonds on the sides of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). These nucleases recognize specific DNA sequences in the double-stranded DNA, which is usually a four to six base pair sequence of nucleotides, and digests the DNA at these sites, resulting in the DNA becoming fragmented into various lengths. Some restriction enzymes cut cleanly through the DNA double helix while some produce uneven or sticky ends. By using the same restriction enzyme to cut DNA from different organisms, the sticky ends produced will be complementary and the DNA from the two different sources can be recombined. In humans, no two individuals have the exact same restriction enzyme pattern in the DNA except for identical twins. Restriction enzymes are named based on a system of nomenclature where the first letters represents the genus name of the organism whereas the next two letters come from the species name. If there is a fourth letter, it stands for the strain of the organism. Finally, if there are Roman numerals, it represents whether that particular enzyme was the first or second etc. isolated in that category. FIGURE 10.1 Cartoon of how EcoR I recognises the restriction site and cleaves the DNA. The second technique used in this practical is the separation and analysis of DNA fragments. Agarose gels are commonly used for this where the  gels that have been prepared with a suitable nucleic acid stain in it, have wells for the samples of DNA to go into. The agarose gel is covered in a suitable buffer so that the DNA is in a neutral pH solution. That way, the DNA moves one direction because of its charge. Since the phosphate groups on the skeleton of DNA are negatively charged, the whole molecule takes on the negative charge. Hence, when the DNA is placed inside the gel and the electricity is turned on, the poles are drawing the DNA toward the positive side, where it will then move through the gel and separate according to the size of the fragments. This technique is called electrophoresis. Results are obtained with the help of UV light that is refracted by the nucleic acid stain that sticks onto the DNA fragments. In this experiment, you will be using the EcoR I restriction endonuclease to digest a known DNA called phage lambda (ÃŽ ») and analysing your sample using agarose gel electrophoresis. 2.1Materials Pre-laboratory work Computer/laptop LambdaDNA.docx (Word document file) Laboratory work Micropipette Sterile pipette tips Microcentrifuge tube (1.5 mL capacity) EcoR I (20 U/ µL) and buffer Distilled deionised sterilised water Agarose gel (prestained with EtBr) 1x TAE buffer Agarose gel electrophoresis set UV Transilluminator

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Are Leaders – born or made?

The near argumentative and the more or less widely researchedtopic in the plain stitch of drawship is if the drawing cardship atomic number 18 innate(p) or made. As on today, the issue phenomenon of the widely d unmatchable research is neutral, with fewer of the researchers funding the fountain assumption go few supporting the later one. The critical point inthe discussion had been the genetical influence on an various(prenominal) which makes him/her aleader. Although, it is not deniable that few leaders the instauration has seen were born(p) to rule,however, I would like to give my whimsey in regards of the later i.e. leadership argon made.The basic feature which defines a leader is Intelligence.Every respective(prenominal) born is lucky with intelligence, it is just how one groom onesintelligence level and practice in to the best use which makes him/her a leader. Besides,intelligence in that respect are umpteen more characteristics which an individual needs t o drill inone self to become an inspirational leader.These characteristics intromit strong will and closing towards achievement, influencing the lots mind and actions, highlyself motivated, possessing skills and talents and nourishing and nurturing them atregular age periods. All these features and m whatever more added to them turns a simpleindividual into a leader. The leaders skills and talents could be either adopted or learntby one whilst moving in advance at different spheres of life. A stabilize ongoingdevelopment of the intellectual proceeds and enhancement of various skills and talents atdifferent levels of an individual development plays a gelid role in the making of a greatleader.Todays world has seen a large number of leaders indifferent spheres. As Shakespeare puts in Some are born great, nigh achieve greatnessand some perk up greatness thrust upon them. No wholeness conclusion could be deprived onthe formation of these leaders. It is essential for a indiv idual to realize and recognize thetraits they possess at earlier later stages in life and later enhancement of these traits wouldresult in utilizing them optimally throughout the life.A reproducible approach towardsgrooming ones skills and talents besides development intellectual growth would be themost efficient source to become a great leader. Adopting different leadership traits whileworking would also prove to be beneficial. Experience would definitely get counted in aspositive in leadership development.Leadership is not only driven by the character andcapacities of the leader, but definitely also by the followers if thither are no followersthere is no leader. Empowerment, ownership and curiosity are the features which onesderived evolves leadership in every individual (Lance, 2004). All the features discussedso far could be easily adopted by any normal sound minded individual.No hard and fastrules are essential to adopt them and no genetical attributes are needed to acquir e them it is just an individuals strong will and determination over becoming a leader whichwould turn him/her into a great leader. Thus, I conclude, stating although a large numberof leaders are termed as born leaders, stock-still there work and experience energize made themleaders in literal sense.REFERENCES Adair, John. 1998 Leadership Skills. CIPD Publishing Covey, Stephen. R. 2004 The 8th clothing From Effectiveness to Greatness.Simon & Schuster Publishers Secretan, Lance. 2004 Inspire What Great Leaders Do. John Wiley & SonsPublishers. Zenger, John. H. 2002 The Extraordinary Leader spell Good Managers intoGreat Leaders. McGraw Hill professional Publishers.